Loans with Interest in Early Christianity and Islam Essay

When an individual thinks of religion, the first thing that comes to a believer’s mind is the nonnegotiable worship of a supreme being(s) as a source of tranquility whenever he/she is in distress. On the other hand, to a pro-secularization individual, religion only causes pricey conflicts between different cultures and is considered an outdated practice which should not have a place in today’s society. What people in general tend to forget about religion is that it their respective figures like Prophet Muhammad and Jesus wanted to promote a way of life that would aim to achieve a standard of living that would see all members of the community equal. And a big part of any way of life is fair trade and decreasing the gap between the rich and the poor. This essay will compare and contrast the early Christian and the current Muslim prohibitions against lending money at interest in the context of today’s constant recession-threatening environment. In order to be able to relate both the Muslim and Christian stance on the topic of lending money at issue it is integral to highlight the why countries tend to fall into a recession. In 2008, the US recession related to Americans buying houses they could not afford. In North America, investing in real estate is seen as a bullet-proof way of making money; making a low down payment expecting the value of their house to increase but it didn’t which leads foreclosure and eventually huge losses for banks. Today, movements such as Occupy Toronto protest the lack of social responsibility of bankers who give out mortgages knowing the client would not be able to pay it off – it’s an economical concern of using money people simply don’t physically have. In Islam, the term for interest is Riba which literally means a gain in the Arabic language. â€Å"The Prophet said, ‘The selling of wheat for wheat is Riba (usury) except if it is handed from hand to hand and equal in amount. Similarly the selling of barley for barley is Riba except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount, and dates for dates is usury except if it is from hand to hand and equal in amount. † (Umar). From an economical perspective, what the Prophet of Islam is referring to here is the idea that only the actual value of dates should exist in any trade transaction. For example, a bank giving out a loan for 100,000 dollars with an interest of 10% means that the 10,000 interest to be paid does not actually exist in the economy and hence to the prophet this is considered riba because the bank is gaining money out of nowhere. In the Sharia, the modern day solution to this banking issue is Islamic banking which offers; â€Å".. more just and equitable distribution of resources; more responsible and profitable lending due to the necessarily closer bank-client relationship; less volatile business cycles; and more stable banking systems. † (Evans, 1987) Similarly, early Christianity has the same general view of usury, â€Å"In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood; thou hast taken usury and increase, and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion, and hast forgotten me, saith the Lord God. † (Exekiel 22:12). However, Islam tends to be stricter about preserving authenticity of teachings of Allah or Prophet Muhammad because the teachings were meant to be implemented in the governing of the Islamic state; shariah. Ambiguity, over time, has led to an equivocal view of usury in the Christian faith, â€Å".. to the extent that Christian doctrine rested on an Aristotelian foundation it was vulnerable to the charge of being, at heart, anti-trade and commerce. Aristotle adopted the view, later followed by the Physiocrats, that the natural way to get wealth is by skillful management of house and land. Usury was diabolical and clearly the worst way of making money. But there was also something degraded about trading and exchanging things rather than actually making them,as summed up in the medieval saying,‘Homo mercator vix aut numquam Deo placerepotest’– the merchant can scarcely or never be pleasing to God. By contrast, the Holy Qur’an endorsed trade, so long as it was not usurious. † (Lewis, 2007) On the contrary, with the when Islam and Muhammad did rise to power in the Arabian region, trade was something the Arabs were known for and was also religiously encouraged; there were virtually no disputes or new philosophies. A lack of a solid implementation of the no usury rule (which only strictly existed in Early Christianity) lead to more lenient rule as times changed and the numerous Scriptures were considered more and more ambiguous. As the ages progressed since early Christianity, it went from no exceptions to usury to exceptions made such as allowed usury as long as the interest rate for the loan was fair and reasonable. In one of Ruston’s books he mentioned; â€Å"usury passed from being an offence against public morality which a Christian government was expected to suppress to being a matter of private conscience [and] a new generation of Christian moralists redefined usury as excessive interest† (R, 1993) Hence, since Islam and Christianity are both Abrahamic religions, the view on the concept of usury is fairly similar in essence however politics has always had an influence on trade since the beginning of time. In today’s world, with Muslim nations trading with Christian and secular nations and likewise with banking, it has become increasingly difficult to impose shariah or the teachings of Jesus in our interdependent global economy. Globally, the concern of usury has transformed to become more of a concern of social responsibility and social justice. While Islamic and Christian share similarities and some slight political differences with regards to interest, it remains an important moral reminder of preserving financial stability even if it might sound a little too unrealistic and utopian in our world today.

Major Pairs Of Salivary Glands Health And Social Care Essay

The three major braces of salivary secretory organs in the unwritten pit are parotid secretory organs, sublingual secretory organs and submandibular secretory organs. The parotid secretory organs are the largest brace of secretory organ locates posterior to the angle of the jaw, inferior and median to the ears. The other two smaller braces are sublingual secretory organs and submandibular secretory organs, which locate deep in the floor of the oral cavity. In add-on to these major secretory organs and other minor salivary secretory organs are placed throughout the oral cavity. Saliva is indispensable to unwritten wellness. The most obvious and of import map in the unwritten pit is to keep of wellness of the dentition and the soft tissues. It is protective in its maps of lubrication and cleaning. Xerostomia means waterlessness of the oral cavity. It is a symptom of different medical conditions, a side consequence of a broad assortment of medicines or caput and cervix radiation therapy . It is a ailment that is caused by absence or diminished measure of spit. Lack of spit and cut downing unwritten lubrication would impact many maps. Patient may see dry oral cavity are of import lending factors to unwritten uncomfortableness, dental cavities and other infections as a effect of the decreased defense mechanisms ( Gater, 2008 ) .Functions of spit:Saliva is produced through all of the secretory organs, which is portion of the digestive procedure for lubricate and interrupting down the nutrient. It besides helps get downing and normal gustatory sensation perceptual experience. Saliva contains assorted antimicrobic constituents such as muramidase, mucin, histatins and other substances that aid in opposition to disease ( Scully & A ; Felix, 2005 ) . Saliva has many of import maps including mechanical cleansing action to take of nutrient dust, control of pH for remineralisation and antimicrobic activity, or lubrication of the unwritten pit to keep the unity of the unwritte n mucous membrane ( Wilkins, 2005 ) .Diagnosis and rating of dry mouth:For a dental hygienist to name dry mouth can be based on grounds that acquired from the patient ‘s history, an intraoral scrutiny of the unwritten pit and saliva trial. Xerostomia should be considered if the patient holding trouble eating dry nutrient, problems on get downing or complains of dry oral cavity, peculiarly at dark. The unwritten mucous membrane may be dry and gluey, or frequently appear erythematous as a consequence of an giantism of Candida albicans. The ruddy spots may normally happen on the difficult or soft roof of the mouth and dorsal surface of the lingua. Sporadically, pseudomembranous moniliasis will be present, removable white plaques may look on any mucosal surface. There may be small or no pooled spit in the floor of the oral cavity, and the lingua as looking dry with little Numberss of papillae. The spit may be thick and gluey. Dental cavities may be probably found at the cervical b order or the incisal borders of the dentition ( Greenspan, 1996 ) .Common causes of dry mouth:Certain drugs, diseases and upsets can do the salivary secretory organs non to work decently and therefore lessening saliva production. Medicine is the most prevailing cause of dry mouth. Xerogenic drugs such as cytotoxic drugs can straight damage the salivary secretory organs. The chief wrongdoers are antidepressants, anorexiants, antihistamines, major tranquilizers, anticholinergics, anti-Parkinson agents, antihypertensives, depressants and water pills. Other common drugs that cause xerostomia include skeletal musculus relaxants, bronchodilators anodynes, antiemetics, antidiarrheals, antianxiety agents and decongestants. These many drugs may act upon the quality and measure of spit ; nevertheless these effects are by and large short term ( Astor, Hanft, & A ; Ciocon, 1999 ; Sreebny & A ; Schwartz, 1997 ) . As a dental hygienist an interview should be taken in patients kicking of dry mouth and reviewed their medicines. Patients may necessitate to alter the doses or medicines if possible to heighten salivary flow. Liquids preparations may be more benefitted and sublingual dose signifiers would necessitate to avoid. We may advice patients to lubricate the pharynx and oral cavity with glass of H2O before taking tablets or capsules. We may see altering one medicine from another with less anticholinergic activity but besides with comparable efficaciousness ( McDonald & A ; Marino, 1991 ) . Sjogren ‘s syndrome ( SS ) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease normally doing dry mouth that occurs in bulk of postmenopausal adult females. Patients are normally associated with dry oral cavity and dry eyes. The other clinical characteristics of SS are grounds of an autoimmune reaction shown by serum autoantibodies and confirmed by continuing mononucleate cell infiltrates in labial salivary secretory organ biopsy. About tierce of patients with SS normally associated with expansion of major salivary secretory organs. At this phase there is no remedy for the disease. The preferred therapy is to pull off symptoms ( Dyke, 2000 ) . Amyloidosis and sarcoidosis are other chronic inflammatory diseases that cause dry mouth. In amyloidosis, starchlike retains in the salivary secretory organs, which conduce in development of dry mouth. In sarcoidosis, noncaseating epithelioid granulomas in salivary secretory organs to do decreased salivary flow ( Greenspan, 1996 ) . Other systemic diseases that can do xerostomia include diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, dermatosclerosis, arthritic arthritis, hormone upsets, systemic lupus erythematosus, bone marrow organ transplant, cystic fibrosis, nutritionary lacks, Bright's disease, thyroid disfunction and neurological diseases. Hyposecretory conditions, such as atrophic gastritis, primary bilious cirrhosis, and pancreatic inadequacy, may besides do dry mouth. Stroke may alter the ability to see unwritten esthesiss. Xerostomia can do from impaired H2O consumption, polyuria or diarrhoea. Psychogenetic causes, such as depression, emphasis, anxiousness or fright can besides ensue in dry mouth. Salivary secretory organ secernment is chiefly under the influence of the autonomic nervous system. In acute anxiousness, due to sympathetic stimulation, the oral cavity may experience dry. Advancing age and oral cavity external respiration, are besides associated with dry oral cavity because of a decrease of saliva ry acini, with a autumn in salivary secretory modesty ( Scully & A ; Felix, 2005 ) . Dry oral cavity is frequently leaded to activities such as hyperventilation, cigarettes smoking or intoxicant imbibing. Trauma to the caput and neck country can damage the nervousnesss for providing esthesis to the oral cavity, which affect the normal map of the salivary secretory organs ( Astor, et al. , 1999 ) . Standard radiation therapy to the caput and cervix is one of most common toxicity associated with xerostomia. Radiation can alter in the serous secretory cells, doing a decrease in spit flow and increased viscousness of the spit. The early ailment from patients after with radiation therapy is thick or gluey spit. The grade of lasting xerostomia depends on the radiation dosage and the volume of salivary secretory organ exposed to radiation. These alterations are typically lasting ( Anke Petra Jellema, 2007 ) .Management of dry mouth:Any implicit in cause of dry mouth should hold possible be rectified. Some stairss need to be taken to understate the consequence of the implicit in cause. For patients with xerostomia is related to medicine usage, it is of import to keep conformity with the medicine direction. Diagnostic intervention should be included in four classs: replacement lost secernments, heightening spit flow, control of dental cavities and specific intervention of infections ( Greenspan, 1996 ) . Patients should be educated into attempts to avoid factors that may increase waterlessness and every bit good as to maintain the mouth moist. Using diabetic Sweets or sugar free masticating gums can excite salivation. Merely a specializer should utilize cholinergic drugs that stimulate salivation such as pilocarpine or cevimeline. A pharmaceutical company has late been developed a new Natrol Dry Mouth Relief, uses a patented class of anhydrous crystalline malt sugar ( ACM ) to excite saliva production. In a clinical survey of patients with Sjorgren ‘s Syndrome, ACM was shown to increase secernments and significantly better patient ‘s subjective appraisal of symptoms ( Fox, MJCummins, & A ; Cummins, 2001 ) . Artificial spit or saliva replacements such as Optimoist spray, Salix tablets, V. A. Oralube sodium-free liquid, Salivart, Xero-Lube Artificial Saliva are formulated to copy natural spit can be used to moisture and lubricate the oral cavity. Howeve r they can be merely considered as replacing therapy instead than a remedy because they do non excite salivary secretory organ production. There are besides many scientific research on advancing saliva production and simulation such as the production of fungicidal proteins of course happening in serous salivary secretory organs, antimicrobic peptides originally derived by histatins ( Der, Vissink, Veerman, & A ; Amerongen, 1999 ; Fox, et al. , 2001 ) . Another country of research includes Prednisolone irrigation of parotid secretory organs is being investigated as a possible intervention of dry mouth in patients with Sjogren ‘s syndrome ( Izumi, et al. , 1998 ) . Slow-release bringing systems for pilocarpine are besides being investigated. Inoculation with auto-reactive T cells or with T cell receptor peptides is another country of research, as is the possibility of infixing H2O transporting proteins or aquaporins, in the cell membrane of the ductal cells ( Der, et al. , 1999 ) . Patient with dry mouth are at additions hazard of developing cavities and other unwritten complications. A day-to-day ego unwritten scrutiny may be recommended by look intoing any abnormalcies such as dark, white or ruddy spots, ulcers or tooth decay. Patients should hold regular alveolar consonant cheque up. It is of import to rede patients non to take sugary or acidic nutrients and drinks, every bit good as keeping a high criterion of unwritten hygiene. Topical fluoride agent signifiers are one of the of import constituents of patients ‘ long-run attention.Decision:Xerostomia is a common job can hold a important consequence on a patient ‘s quality of life if non recognised and treated decently. As a dental hygienist we have to travel through a proper appraisal, provide an appropriate intervention, emphasise bar, patients ‘ instruction and specialist referral to understate dry mouth and its consequence on patients ‘ dental wellness and quality of life.

Children in Advertisements

The ever expanding markets for goods and their unchallenged assault through advertisements are flooding the society with information and ideas, attitudes and imagery which is difficult to control and assimilate. This is affecting the young minds to a great extent especially when entertainment is interspersed with commercial messages. Adults may be able to develop a rational resistance to this onslaught, but children may not. The children of non-TV age did not take advertisements seriously. They heard commercials on radio, read advertisements in comic books, children's magazines and outdoor posters.On the whole, adults as well as children cared little for advertisements. Television changed people/Es perception of advertisements. For the TV advertiser, children are a very attractive target group to be cultivated. They become a pressure group on parents and parents often succumb to children's demands. Sometimes it takes a form of emotional blackmail. They are not buyers. According to Wa dwalkar (1990),† children are parasite consumers. † But, children are potential buyers. They will grow up watching certain brands and kinds of products on television.Long repetitive exposure causes familiarity. In mass communication, familiarity is rightly considered a prerequisite for persuasion and control, and repetition a principle of persuasion. TV advertising for children is an investment for the future too. When they turn into buyers they are already oriented towards buying certain brands and kinds of products. Wadwalkar says, that by taking messages to children, the TV advertiser, at one stroke, has widened the decision making base in the family. No more could adults entirely dictate the purchase of all the different kinds and rands of products. Children cannot be kept entirely out of such decision making. This concerns not so much the quantum of planned purchase, but the occasional, repeat and impulsive purchases. Children are fascinated by TV advertisements. Th ey react to these glamorous, fast paced visuals on TV with their exciting music and their determined sales pitch. TV advertising has entered into daily life- of children. It colors their conversation and play as they speak to one another using slogans, jingles etc. of advertisements.Almost every advertisement that appears on TV contributes to their vocabulary. Advertisements, being short are ideally suited to the concentration, span of even young children. TV advertisements get repeated with such regularity that children learn them. They are in this respect perfectly tied to early learning process. Advertisements put together a series of rapidly changing exciting, visuals to highlight a product. They may not be able to grasp the full meaning of the scene but the focus on the product leaves enough impact on them.In an article on ‘Children and Advertising, Dr. Yadava, Director, IIMC (1989) described how advertising influences behavioural patterns: â€Å"Television advertising f amiliarises the young ones with the world outside and helps them to pick up its mode of expression, its mannerisms and ways of facing it when they grow up. Stimulated feelings of needs and desire tend to occur in the form of powerful imperatives. The intensity with which children experience desire and their inability to assign priorities and accept delays in satisfying them is the common experience of most parents.When these urges remain unfulfilled, such children may grow up with lots of resentment against their parents and the existing social set up. Advertising aimed at children in India is not quite so precise yet, but it's getting there. According to Nabankar Gupta the director of sales and marketing, Videocon, â€Å"The under 16 age group is extremely important for the consumer durable business as they are major influencers in deciding on the product as well as the brand. † Children of this age group are more knowledgeable about product benefits than the parents. Some o f our most successful commercials for washing machines and air coolers use this age group as models to create a direct relationship with the viewer. Doordarshan's code states that any advertisement that endangers the safety of children or creates in them an interest in unhealthy practices shall not be shown. Code No. 23 also provides that no advertisement shall be accepted which leads children to believe that if they do not use or own the product advertised they will be inferior in some way to other children or are likely to be ridiculed for not using it.Despite this, far too many children have begun to associate happiness with acquisition, the one sure sign that consumerism has hit the Indian mind set. As pointed out by Unnikrishan and Bajpai, â€Å"In India, advertising on TV is, today, creating a set of images especially for the Indian child, alongside a host of other dominant images for the rest of its audience. Once internalized, together these become a text of personal succes s and levels of achievement†. Further, they add that, this presentation does not sensitize children to their own or other people's realities.The affluent child might feel convinced that only his or her class of Indians really counts. On the other hand, the child from a poor family class may be forced to acknowledge that the life styles of the affluent class are the only legitimate ones. Increasing westernization (reflected in Indian advertising's choice of style, music and visual message) characterizes the best of television commercials, while a predominantly upper class bias dominates and sets the tone for cultural images swiftly becoming popular and being internalized despite being alien to the majority.Children in every strata of the society are walking around with images of beautiful homes, gadgets that make life comfortable, fun foods and fancy clothes in their minds. The less advantaged children who are being urged to conform to the ways of a society and to a value syste m they can hardly comprehend. They are frightened and frustrated not having the resources to keep up with the demands of the new emerging order. For child viewer, TV advertising holds three types of appeal. 1.Advertisements that appeal directly to the child. It corresponds to the role of children as consumers to whom a certain set of commodities of direct relevance (toys, confectioneries etc. ) appeal. 2. The second group corresponds to the role of the child as a future consumer. This group includes advertisements for all products that are not of immediate relevance to the child including as cars, refrigerators, tyres, cooking, paints etc. 3. The last group corresponds to the role of the child as actor, participant and salesperson.In this group are all the advertisements that feature children. A study by Unnikrishan and Bajpai (1994), on the â€Å"impact of television advertising on children† drew the following conclusions. i. TV messages have different meanings for children from different social segments. ii. Children in India, are being exposed to what might be termed an unreal reality. Television (barring what might appeal on regional networks) often depicts a ‘reality' which fails to mirror Indian society or life for what it is. iii.All children, irrespective of their economic or social status, are influenced by what they see and hear on TV, although the meanings and messages are understood and absorbed differently by children as they bring into their negotiation of TV information, their own experiences. iv. On the average, children in Delhi watch 17 hours of TV every week (which means that at least 50 percents of them watch significantly more than this average figure) children spend more time in front of the small screen than on hobbies and other activities, including home work and meals. . The average 8 year old spends about 68 hours every month, 30 days (of 24 hours each) every year, and one entire year out of 10 exclusively on watching tel evision. vi. Advertising especially when it targets the child, powerfully promotes a consumer culture and the values associated with it. vii. Seventy five percent of children said they loved watching advertisements on TV. When asked whether they liked them better than the programmes themselves, 63. 90 percent of the 5-8 age group said yes, while 43-54 percent of the 8-12 age group and 36. 0 percent of the 13-15 age group said yes. viii. Children below eight see advertisements only as pictures with story lives. Only older children understand the advertisements intention to well. ix. Sixty five percent of children in the 8 to 15 years of age group felt they needed the products they saw on TV. Bhatia (1997) studied the influence of TV advertisements on adolescents of Baroda city . She found moderate impact of TV advertisements on their physical, social, emotional and cognitive development as well as on relationship with their parents.Adolescents were highly influenced by TV advertiseme nts in adopting the ways of expressing one's self. They developed liking for a well decorated home by viewing TV advertisements. They enjoyed seeing their favourite models and sportsman in the advertisements and they expressed that they wanted to become like them. Their general knowledge also increased and they developed ability to differentiate between the different brands of the same product. Some of them understood the motive behind the TV advertisement. Studies on advertising and children by various researchers have highlighted the following findings. 1.Children of all the age group and majority of home makers and male heads watch television in all the peak hour transmission, thus having maximum exposure of advertisements. 2. Many items liked by children were introduced in Indian families through TV advertisements. Most of the products advertised on TV were being purchased by the respondents even when they considered many of these commodities unnecessary. 3. TV advertisements ma de the selected brands of food products popular with children of all income groups. 4. Children started speaking to one another on a ‘lingo' dotted with words, phrases and expressions from TV advertisements.Thus, of all the age groups, advertising especially of television has profound impact on children. The impact of advertising does not function in isolation but it is dependent upon a host of other factors like the nature of advertisement viewing behaviour, socio-economic status, consumer habits and tastes of individuals and their families and the degree and direction of their perceptions. The future of Indian advertising is bright if it takes up it's social responsibility and conducts itself in such a way that it is seen as an important part of the economic development of the country.

Auto Accident Rates in Teens Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auto Accident Rates in Teens - Research Paper Example It has now become an issue on how auto accident rates in teens can be controlled. Most scholars are conducting researches on how they can link stricter enforcement of traffic laws or stricter curfew laws with reduction of auto accident rates in teens. In the recent years, localities as well as cities all over the US have majored on youth curfew uses to address the burning issue of increased teenage accidents. Policy makers see these curfews as the best and effective mechanisms of dealing with the rising auto accident rates in teens. According to Ricardi (1997), reducing youths on the streets at night and during school days have reduced the rates of teen accidents. These among other curfews set on youth make it possible to reduce deaths caused on the roads by the youths. As a matter of fact, controlling youth driving through curfews and strict rules has worked marvelous with parents who saw it as punishment at start, regarding it a great benefit. Auto accident rates are very high on t eens than on any other age group. The main cause of the high auto accident rates in teens is risk taking. Teenagers find it fun when they engage in risky driving skills to prove to their peers that they are qualified drivers. They over speed, make dangerous turns, violate traffic signals and signs, tailgate and run red lights among others as noted by Males and Macallair (1999). All these increase their chances of engaging in motor crashes. Other factors leading to high auto crashes among teens are lack of driving skills, drugs and alcohol, night driving, and carrying of passengers especially fellow teens. Male teen drivers are more likely to cause auto accidents than female teen drivers are. This accelerates when make teen drivers carry male teens who are likely to distract them on the roads. It is notable that teen drivers are not likely to recognize risky situations while driving and as a result, end up in a car crash. They do not have safety belts locked up when driving (Leonard, 2006). Linking stricter enforcement of traffic laws or stricter curfew laws with reduction of auto accident rates in teens As noted earlier, auto accident rates in teens are the highest all over the world and especially in developed countries where almost all teens have access to cars. It has become an issue all over the world, on how those accidents can be controlled. It is not easy for parents to impose strict rules on their teenage children in order to avoid fatal accidents on the roads. A parent cannot monitor the type and number of passengers his or her teenage boy carries while out driving. It is also difficult for a parent to hold a driving license of his son because he is driving carelessly. However, with the help of the government through imposition of traffic laws, it becomes absolutely easy to monitor and control teenage driving with harsh measures taken to the violators of the laws (Ruefle & Brantley, 1997). Considering the strict laws passed in Oregon, the teens are ar guing that the laws are too harsh and need to be lessened. However, the parents are happy with the results of the laws. In fact, 52% of the parents in Oregon think that the violators of the set traffic rules should be dealt with in very harsh ways. The accident rates caused by teens have been reduced as teens are subjected to strict rules in their driving ventures. For instance, â€Å"The state restricts 16- and 17-year-old drivers from using cell phones, even hands-free, set a curfew and limits the number of passeng

Essay - Aristotle and Plato -ethics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

- Aristotle and Plato -ethics - Essay Example the Cave, he presented the idea that people are living in a world of forms, within which the ideas that were called truths were mere projections of the reality. For that matter, he considered that the ethical way of life for man was to achieve goodness which he defied as the level of understanding the real nature of things. This he stated can be done through education (Plato 453). Aristotle on the other hand presented in the work The Aim of Man his main ideas on ethics. According to him, ethics is a form of practical science, thus he was known for his experiential approach in ethics (Aristotle 691). Based on the views of Plato or Aristotle then, one’s way of life is more ethical and practical that another when one does not only think of one’s own goodness but contribute to the goodness of the society and the state. Through the course of the discussion then, both the views of the two philosophers will be discussed. The differences between Aristotle and Plato can be presented on different points. The first one is in relation to the manner of achieving an ethical life. Aristotle viewed that ethics was more practical and experiential while Plato viewed that it is more theoretical. Aristotle presented a view on ethics that is more practical and experiential. For that matter, based on his view, one’s life can be more ethical if it is more experiential. This means that a person needs to primarily focus on his or her function in the society to have an ethical life. Aristotle indicated that a man needs to be â€Å"rational and exercise his reason, not just possess it† because this is what separates him from other animals (Aristotle 700). He believed that goodness can be defined as a state wherein a particular entity maximizes its potentials and skills (Aristotle 694). One example that can be given is the profession. If a person is good in a certain field of study such as arts, he or she needs to pursue that field. In this manner, life is more ethical

Interpret an Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpret an Article - Essay Example Scientists have found out that Cave Denisova in the Altai Mountains of Siberia has been the home of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans. Therefore this site holds great importance from an anthropological point of view. Denisovans and Neanderthals lived in Asia and Europe. Their genes had immunity to certain diseases and since modern humans carry a certain percentage of their DNA, it can be safely said that modern human’s ancestors mated with Denisovans and Neanderthals. This article gives birth to a lot of questions such as: How did this union take place? Did it bring any cultural exchange with it? How did the Neanderthals become extinct? And was this mating process romantic or aggressive in nature? Scientists have yet to answer most of these questions but they have certainly concluded the answers of many of such questions. Modern human ancestors and Neanderthals came across each other during their territorial expansion in Asia and Europe. This expansion was the result of environmental and cultural changes. It has been believed that the modern human ancestors eradicated the Neanderthals. This however, has not been proven otherwise either. ... Studies have shown that the ancient humans engaged in social networking just like the modern humans do. Amidst the fierce competition to ensure the survival of their progenies, ancient humans have shown the tendency to act altruistically and perform acts such as sharing food. This result was produced by Coren Apicella from Harvard medical school. She conducted her study on Hadza that is one of the last surviving ethnic groups of the hunter gathers in Tanzania. Researchers have traced the movements on land of Neanderthals due to cultural and socio-ecological changes. Human beings just like any other specie migrate to areas that have the best conditions for survival and they adapt to their new environment through culture. That is why the culture of a particular group of people can unveil a lot of hidden information about them. Moreover, the stone artifacts and tools, used by ancient people, give researchers an insight to the lives of the people who used them. This is how researchers ha ve been able to model the movements of Neanderthals on computers. Their results have shown that the movement of Neanderthals changed during the last ice age but the contradiction here is that Neanderthals have been known to avoid long distances from their homes. The general conclusion that can be drawn from this article is of immense importance; There may be many other groups of humans whose existence may have ceased but their genes and cultural knowledge may have been passed on to the modern human and the modern human may not even be aware of it. Works Cited Arizona State University (2012, February 7). Neanderthal demise due to many influences, including cultural changes.  ScienceDaily. Retrieved

The Key Marketer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Key Marketer - Essay Example Somewhere along its contents, they will be committed intelligently to buy our products and services as we will place ads strategically in the free e-book. And the marketing cycle is never ending as our readers will voluntarily e-mail this e-book to their friends, and their friends to their friends, and so on ad infinitum. This is the main idea behind Viral Marketing. On the other hand, for Brady Brewer (2001, February 21) there are five principles to follow up in order to find optimization in any E-Mail Viral Marketing campaign. They're needed to be followed carefully in order to avoid negative reactions. They are the following: (Brewer, B. (2001, February 21). Tips for Optimizing Viral Marketing Campaigns". Clickz Network. (World Wide Web page). Available: http://www.clickz.com/experts/em_mkt/opt/article.php/837511. (27 Sept. 2005)). According to Steve Jurvetson (1997, May 1), inventor of the buzzword "Viral Marketing" back in 1997, and Tim Draper (1997, May 1), Viral Marketing is essential in the marketing efforts of any company. Their words are a living testimony about the importance of Viral Marketing in the present times: "A good idea can spread more quickly over the Internet than had ever been possible before in the physical world, where manufacturing and distribution fundamentally limit the rate of product adoption. Especially in the Internet era, a company's competitiveness seems to depend on its velocity of thought and action. () Rapid growth is of no value without customer retention." (Jurvetson, S., & Draper, T. (1997, May 1). Viral Marketing. Draper Fisher Jurvetson. (World Wide Web page). Available: http://www.dfj.com/cgi-bin/artman/publish/steve_tim_may97.shtml. (27 Sept. 2005)). It doesn't matter if you consider the business world to be a battlefield or a playground. In any case, Viral Marketing is for you! So get inside its secrets and apply its methods consistently over and over again, being sure that Viral Marketing can be very lucrative and rewarding for those who had learned to fight or play to the fullest extent in the exciting business of doing business. Joint Venture Marketing Synergy. What a wonderful buzzword! One plus one is three. Wow! A lucrative way for producing this kind of miracle is through Joint Venture Marketing. Two different companies with related and complementary products and services join forces together in their marketing efforts, and both of them share the profits according to their deal. For instance, an Internet newspaper has a significant subscribers' list to its weekly newsletter, and a publishing house wants to market a new hot novel with the burden of a very low advertising

Week 7 DQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 7 DQ - Essay Example ‘Risk free rate of interest is the rate of interest on a debt instrument with no default, maturity or liquidity risk.’ (Melicher & Norton, 2011) By definition the portfolio of government bond has liquidity and interest rate risk due to the length of its maturity period but for long-term investments the Treasury bond reflects as a more logical default free holding period return for longer term investments. Treasury bill is the closet example of the riskless securities as they hold zero or very minimal liquidity and maturity risk. The $250,000 portfolio of Treasury bills is more risk free as compared to the Treasury bind portfolio of 30 years maturity. However, government these days have also defaulted in various parts of the world therefore, there is no complete risk free security in the practical sense. Securities other than the government bonds and treasury bills that are close to the riskless concept are the fixed accounts, certificates of deposits, inflation protected securities and indexed bonds

Birth Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Birth Trauma - Essay Example The phenomenon of interest helps to shape the details or the way the study advances; which isn't directly mentioned in the study. The philosophical underpinnings of the research described in the article are irrational striving to prove that birth trauma is an illusion on behalf of the sufferer. The standpoint here is that on an average, of all the studies mentioned in the article; only Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was observed which 25 % of the eligible mothers were suffering from. The concept of birth trauma is vastly seen as routine and flexibility of opinions is none whatsoever. Hence, it is of concern to find out the hidden meaning and experiences not of PTSD but of birth trauma. Whilst, the research on birth trauma does not consider nursing to have any effect on it though it does contribute to it one way or another. The method used was through a research centre which was compatible; conceivably not to a great extent, when considering the amount of women who participated in the study. The only requirement was to narrate the experience of going through birth trauma. This was not enough because the reasons for the occurring of trauma were not identified. The years from the occurrence of birth trauma were in some cases more than a decade ago. Therefore, tangible parts may have been forgotten or altered in the memory especially if any feelings of resentments weren't addressed in all that time. Sampling Selection of participants was straightforward with a few basic requirements. The use of purposive sampling showed that the criterion for participating was simply based on mothers who have gone through birth trauma. Purposive sampling is used to prove a particular point, which was suitable for the research being carried out as it can be easily approached to a group of people, though it is subject to error. Thus, help in increasing the outlook on the experiences. While the chosen informants were suitable for the research, in a sense, that they were ready to reveal their personal experiences. Human Subject Protection There was no mention of protection of humans; just a personal experience of the implications of birth trauma on their lives. Though the words quoted in the article were anonymous for protection of the mothers. Moreover, there was no such need for security of the participants as the phenomenon was only used to draft the results. Data Collection The collection of data was largely and solely focused on the human experience of the trauma through emails containing stories. Almost all the data was collected through the internet which took a maximum of one and a half year. Whereas, spent six months were spent in extracting the significant information from the accounts: data saturation or redundancy. Data Analysis The strategies used were made illustrative by arranging them into themes of four groups relevant to the experiences and authenticated with the candidates. Authentication guaranteed the absence of any factual error made intentionally or unintentionally in the data analyzed. The analysis of the data was straightforward and unambiguous as general or common feelings were taken into account; enhancing the significance of the experience. Credibility of the information or data received, from the

Entrepreneurship Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Entrepreneurship Theory - Essay Example 3). Theoretically, an entrepreneur is one who must exhibit certain enterprising attributes and specific characteristics of behaviour and thinking perhaps attained innately or from education, training and experiences (Gibb, 2007, p. 5). This piece of research work critically evaluates the theoretical underpinnings of entrepreneurial behaviours and explains what triggers to the behaviour of an entrepreneur based on relevant literatures Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs are those who use their ability, talent, skills and personality to perform and carry out new combinations to successfully implement a change. Joseph A Schumpeter, famously known as father of entrepreneurship, viewed entrepreneurship as all about innovation (Carsrud and Brannback , 2007, p. 7) and entrepreneur as a distinct individual in the society as he discovers a dynamic business opportunity, seizes the opportunity to convert the idea in to a reality to deliver new product or service and thus to create a new marketable c ontribution to the economy (McDaniel, 2002, p. 57). Some literatures argued that entrepreneur is not only an innovator or a distinct person to transform opportunity to business reality, but also that he is characterized with many of managerial skills and abilities such as direction, organizing, supervision, risk bearing, control etc (Brockhaus, 1987, p. 1). With the idea of establishing a business enterprise, entrepreneur mentally prepares to take risks of financial well being, career opportunities, family relations, and psychic ell being as well (Brockhaus, 1980, p. 511). As and when the business contexts become more complex and markets turn to be highly vulnerable to rigorous competition, entrepreneurs must be able to take very strategic steps to introduce innovative ideas with their creative thinking. Based on various views, Cunningham and Lischeron (1991, p. 46) defined six schools of thoughts to describe various qualities of entrepreneurs. These schools are 1) the great person school of thought, 2) psychological characteristic school, 3) classical school of entrepreneurship, 4) the management school, 5) the leadership school and 6) the intrapreneurship school of entrepreneurship. There are large numbers of explanations for what triggers to the behaviour of an entrepreneur, but most of these literatures reached to a consensus that some of the most important characteristics generally and are found universally important are innovation, risk taking, creative thinking etc. Some authors have also found some other components or dimensions of entrepreneurship such as new venture formation, pro-activeness, renewal, strategic vision, international and domestic venturing, competitive aggressiveness etc (Lau, Shaffer, Chan and Man, 2012, p. 675). Entrepreneurial behaviour Entrepreneurial behaviour, as defined by Mair (2005, p. 51) refers to a set of activities and practices by which individuals at varying levels generate and utilize innovative resource combination to discover and pursue opportunities.

An entrepreneurial viewpoint ( F ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An entrepreneurial viewpoint ( F ) - Essay Example Since I am a normal human I used intuition to execute decisions daily, however, as noted Flora (2007:68) this can lead to risk blindness and complacency. Besides, I came to learn that I could clearly utilize rule based reasoning which is characterized to being logical, deliberate, and being used to justify to other persons what needs to be done. Since I was a risk taker I did not experience problems with lateral thinking. This is because I had the capability to solve problems by means of indirect and creative approach, by making use of reasoning that is not directly obvious and incorporating ideas that may not be obtainable when using only traditional step-by-step logic. Flora (2007) asserts that a view shared by de Bono asserts that lateral thinking on purposefully distances itself from standard perceptions of creativity as either vertical logic or horizontal imagination. What I have learnt about myself is that since I exhibit appropriate entrepreneurial attributes. I am better suit ed to working in a conventionally structured organization, with conventional management

Police Discretion Essay Example for Free

Police Discretion Essay Police discretion is an unwritten law meaning it is not concretely represented in the constitution or any other rules or regulations governing law enforcement. However, it is a practical part of law enforcement because there are times when sound personal judgment and decision-making becomes necessary in the process. Police discretion is highly important in situations wherein the role of rules and laws are ambiguous or inapplicable. Although unwritten in documents presenting laws, it is valid because the police is an institution granted authority and power. Moreover, law enforcement agencies are expected to abide by ethics and morality at all times when practicing police discretion. Police discretion is valid because it is exercised by an authority or power, but then it becomes steadfast and trustworthy if it is practiced within the bounds of ethics and morality. (Atherton, 2001) Herein lay judgments and criticisms regarding police discretion. Police discretion is ideally utilized to determine whether to intercede with behavior and activities. This is supposed to be the primary purpose of police discretion. (Seri, 2008) For instance, a police man happens to chance upon a man shouting at his wife in a public place. Police discretion concerns making the decision of whether to intervene in the process with considerations to privacy issues since it is a private matter between husband and wife, but since it is in public, the situation’s relation to public disturbance is not something to be disregarded. At this point, police discretion addresses the matter of whether to intervene or not. (Kelling, 1999) The fabled and fictitious source aspect of police discretion is its relation to the philosophical foundations of ethics and morality. Conflicts in the practice of police work require discretion for its resolution. However, conflicts and ambiguities do not depend on just discretion, but count on morality to frame the judgment and decision-making process in order to uphold sound preferences when carrying out decisions. Morality talks about what is right from wrong – the right, based on the rules and commandments presented by God to man. Moreover, morality talks about intention as a primary factor in determining the goodness of an action, behavior or decision. This philosophical concept builds on what police discretion is about, guiding judgments and rationalizations in order to arrive at a morally good action. (Greenawalt, 1987) Perhaps it is rational to include the mythical concept of ethics and morality in framing police discretion guidelines and policies. Controlling philosophical concepts as a means to guide police discretion practices ensure that intentions are upright and the end action of the decision is morally good. This upholds accountability and values development in the field of law enforcement. Moreover, it addresses the matter of debate regarding the negative implications of allowing law enforcement agencies freedom to make decisions in their line of industry. It eliminates the abuse of power, and shifts it to the use of police discretion conscientiously. Another purpose of police discretion is making a decision of whether to label a particular action, behavior, or activity as criminal. (Seri, 2008) Juvenile crimes are primary targets of this issue since charging children with crimes is a sensitive concern. If for instance a police man catches a minor stealing from a grocery store, police discretion is practiced to make a decision on whether to charge the child with a criminal case. Other options include giving the child a chance by advising him to not repeat the act again and then letting him go, talking with the child’s parents directly to ensure that a the negative nature of the child does not go undisciplined, turning the child over to social welfare services, and charging the child with a criminal case. The decision of what to do in this particular scenario as well as similar situations, wherein there are opportunities of making sound judgments and decisions unguided by laws, is part of police discretion. Overall, police discretion is a power granted to members of the law enforcement as a means of raising the accountability of the institution by empowering them to learning and applying sound and moral concepts that promotes progress and development in the field of law enforcement. (Seri, 2008) To delineate further the concept of police discretion, five police actions will be discussed and analyzed in order to determine the expediency of practicing police discretion and identifying whether it is reasonable or an abuse of power. Harnessing the influence of the community as an effort to promote community policing is one task that law enforcement should work on. This is reasonable as the decision to formulate a neighborhood watch program to realize the goal of community policing sustains peace, order and security in the community. This action becomes an abuse of power if members of the community are forced to help in the process of enforcing laws. Community policing should be a voluntary effort. Minors are given light sanctions for criminal activities because of their inability to think rationally and independently without guidance from people in authority. Police discretion is acceptable when it comes to adjusting the enforcement of law to a particular situation where a minor is concerned. Police discretion becomes an abuse of power if minors who are caught committing crimes are directly charged with criminal cases without reviewing the need for social work intervention, counseling, and other lighter sanctions and disciplinary actions. When it comes to police interrogation, questioning techniques is part of police discretion. Policemen are given authority to subject suspects, witnesses, and victims to interrogations. Police discretion is acceptable if questions, in whatever form or manner executed, are relevant to the case and properly carried out in the process. It becomes abuse of power if people who are being interrogated are subject to threats and hostilities, forced to answer questions, and are asked personal matters. This goes the same with searching properties to look for evidence. Police discretion is deciding what areas within the properties to search, of course with the grant of a search warrant. It becomes an abuse of power if damage is inflicted to property as a means of hostile interaction with other people. Lastly, respecting the privacy of any individual should be maintained by law enforcement agencies. Although sustaining laws requires the obtainment of truth and factual information, police work should also consider privacy of other people in order to practice police discretion ideally and not abusively.

Building Management System Bms Server Software Computer Science Essay

Building Management System Bms Server Software Computer Science Essay As we known BMS are created to controlled central computer method which has 3 basis functions, which is controlling, monitoring and also optimizing. However, there is a BMS server software to facilitate the works of facilities management which to functioning within the building and also to fulfill the building operation and maintenance. General Requirement The BMS server system is composed of 3 sets of reducant computers, which communicate with several kinds of input or output devices, subordinate computer system and higher order computer systems. The sections described the software required to achieve the desired functionality of the BMS. The software design is based upon real time data acquisitions and control capability. Data including point values, parameters, messages, instructions, databases access statements, master clock synchronization and other forms of computers data exchange may originates from or be destined for other sub-system and computers and database which may form pat of TAMS. It is responsibility of the BMS Sub-System Contractor to develop, test, document and debug software interface routines and supporting hardware to accomplish the interface requirement of BMS to TAMS and any other system or sub-system with which the BMS is required to communicate. The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide software for the BMS Sub-System, which is proven in actual field installation of a similar size and scope. The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide complete information and responses with tenders including reference sites, name, and telephone number of reference site contracts. Software Licensing KLIAB respects the propriety nature of certain software. Commercially available software purchased from a third party such as Microsoft Windows, UNIX, OS/2 and similar software packages are provided. Licenses are bound with the operation and maintenance manuals for BMS system. BMS manufacturers proprietary software is provided fully licensed. All BMS manufacturers proprietary software will have complete sources codes, programs listings and supporting information deposited in an escrow account at the BMS Sub-System Contractors expense. BMS Server Software Operating System The BMS server computers will utilize a multi-user, multi tasking operating system designed for client server operations. The operating system will support all the required software functions and application described in the BMS specifications. Standard services supported by Operating System on serves will include the following: Multi- tasking Multi- user support POSIX 1003, 1 compliance TCP/IP, SLIP Network Support Network File System (NFS) C language complier The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide to the SMC one complete set of operating system user manuals and programmers references manuals bound as part of each BMS Operation and Maintenance Manual. BMS Software Executive The BMS Sub-System Contractor shall provide a complete BMS software executive module which provides at minimum: Workstation communication sport Printer quering and tasking I/O Channel support for up to 99 communication channel Disk optimization routines On-line database backup and restoration Memory management functions Software watchdog functions Networking functions Housekeeping functions Diagnostic routines Server Redundancy Software The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide six complete server computers arranged as three sets of redundant hot standby server system. Each server computer are equipped with all hardware and software with complete capability to support the designated BMS tasks. Each server will coexist on the BMS network and are able to automatically assume full operation of BMS without any loss of data, alarm, or status information. The redundancy software provides full databases charges made to the primary server are propagated to the backup server without any operator intervention. Changeovers from primary to backup server are accomplished within 10seconds, whether manually initialed or automatically initialed. Detection of any server software execution failure will cause the automatic transfer of all server functions to the backup server and will initiate a primary server failure alarm. These alarm are distributed a BMS Alarm Handling Software specifications. These sewer failure alarms are classified at the highest priority level. The BMS Sub-System Contractor will provide a hardware or software switch to allow the user selection of which server computer is the primary server, and which is the backup server. Such selections are made freely and at any time during the normal operations of the BMS Server System. It is possible at any time to completely remove one of the server computers for repair, maintenance or other need without disrupting normal BMS operations. BMS workstations will automatically switch the user interface and TCP/IP address to the server in control of the BMS, without operator intervention. Alarm Handling Software Complete Alarm Handling Software modules are provided in the BMS server software package. The alarm handling software will provide comprehensive alarm detection and management facilities to allow fast and accurate notification to the BMS of abnormal point values or conditions. Alarm Attribute Table Each and every BMS point capable of alarm will have alarm attribute assigned in an alarm attribute table. The alarm attribute table will govern the way and means by which the point alarm is reported by the BMS. The alarm attribute table are on-line definable and changeable by an authorized BMS user. Each point defined in the Alarm Attribute Table will, upon change of state, read the table and be acted upon accordingly. For each point the following attribute are definable: Print alarm/ inhibit printing Printers assigned to print point alarm Print alarm only Print all point events Workstation assigned to display alarm Alarm class 1-4 (normal, urgent, low, journal) Alarm priority 1-9 (9 priorities within each class) Unanswered Alarm Software If dedicated BMS workstation is been assigned to receive an alarm, each incoming alarm will start a software timer who starts upon alarm generations and ends upon alarm acknowledgement. If an alarm is not acknowledge within a user defined number of seconds, an unanswered alarm are automatically generates and displayed at the EOC monitoring room BMS workstations, whether or not the EOC monitoring room workstation were assigned to receive the original acknowledge alarm. The unanswered alarm events are recorded as a transaction in the historical transaction database file. Conclusion These software were helped the facilities management functioning within the building by utilizing Building Management System to fulfill the building operation and maintenance. It is also helped to ease of information availability problem diagnostics and helped computerized maintenance scheduling. However, this software was maintained effective use of maintenance staff and it is give more satisfied an occupants.

Social Psychology Theory Aggression Criminology Essay

Social Psychology Theory Aggression Criminology Essay Mass shootings are a unique feature of American life which has occurred consistently throughout history in every region of the country. The increased lethality of such incidents is made possible by the use of large capacity ammunition magazines (defined as more than 10-rounds) which enable a shooter to rapidly fire off as many as 100-rounds without having to reload the firearm. Designed for military use to kill greater numbers of people more effectively, large capacity ammunition magazines have facilitated some of the worst mass murders ever committed in the United States (Citizens Crime Commission of New York City, 2013). This essay will focus on the social psychology theory of aggression. Specific reference will be made to physical appearance of the shooter, psychological influences, social influences, external influences of the incident, gun usage, the setting, the profile of the victims and whether mass shootings are unique to American life or if other countries such as South Africa could be at risk for these type of incidents. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY THEORY: AGGRESSION Aggression is when a person intends to do harm to others. (Baron Branscombe, 2012) Social psychologists view aggression as stemming mainly from an external drive within people to harm others. This theory is indicated by different theories of aggression. These theories suggest that external conditions, such as frustration, seem to motivate people to cause others harms. This aggressive drive tends to lead to physical acts of aggression. The most well-known of these theories is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which suggests that frustration leads to the arousal of a drive whose objective is to harm a person or an object. In addition the theory suggests that frustration is possibly the strongest and maybe single cause of aggression (Baron Branscombe, 2012). Hostile aggression has traditionally been conceived as being impulsive, spontaneous, anger driven, motived by the harming of a target, and occurring as a reaction to some perceived provocation. It is sometimes called affective, impulsive, or reactive aggression. Instrumental aggression is regarded as a calculated method of achieving some goal other than harming the victim, and being proactive rather than reactive. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Social Learning Theory The social learning theory states that human were not born with large range of aggressive behaviour, rather they acquire them through direct experience or by observing others behaviour. As such, depending on a persons past experiences and their culture, people learn (1) various ways of seeking to harm others, (2) which people or groups are appropriate targets for aggression, (3) what actions by others justify retaliation or vengeance on their part, and (4) what situations or contexts are ones in which aggression is permitted or even approved (Baron Branscombe, 2012). General aggression model (GAM) is a framework that has been built on the social learning theory. This theory posits that a sequence of events that may lead to overt aggression can be initiated by two types of input variables: (1) factors that are related to the current situation (situational factors) and factors that are related to the people involved (person factors). Frustration, provocation of some sort, witnessing o thers peoples aggressive behaviour and any other experiences that may cause discomfort, fall under the first category. Traits that predispose individual towards aggression, particular attitudes and beliefs about violence, the inclination perceive others behaviour as hostile and certain skills related to aggression, make up the second category. The GAM states that these situational and personal factors lead to overt aggressive behaviour through their impact on the following three processes: arousal physiological arousal or excitement, affective states provoke hostile feelings and their outward manifestation, and cognition bring up hostile thoughts. Thus, an individuals appraisal of a situation may either lead to restraining the anger or overt aggressive action. (Baron Branscombe, 2012) Script Theory According to the script theory, scripts are sets of well-rehearsed, highly associated concepts in memory, often involving causal links, goals, and action plans. When items are so strongly linked that they form a script, they become a single concept in semantic memory. Moreover, even a few script rehearsals can change a persons expectations and intentions involving important social behaviours. A frequently rehearsed script gains accessibility strength in two ways. Numerous rehearsals create additional links to other concepts in memory, as such they increase the number of paths by which it can be activated. Numerous rehearsals also intensify the strength of the links themselves. This theory is particularly useful in accounting for the generalization of social learning processes and the automatic (and simplified) complex of perception-judgment-decision-behavioural processes. This includes an example of one simple aggression script involving retaliation. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Social Interaction Theory Tedeschi Felsons social interaction theory interprets aggressive behaviour (also known as coercive action) as social influence behaviour, namely an actor uses aggressive behaviour to produce some change in the targets behaviour. A person can use coercive actions to acquire something of value (e.g., information, money, goods, sex, services, safety), to get revenge for perceived wrongs, or to bring about desired social and self-identities (e.g., toughness, competence). According to this theory, the person whose choices are directed by the expected rewards, costs, and probabilities of obtaining different outcomes is the decision-maker. Social interaction theory offers an explanation that aggressive behaviours are motivated by higher level goals. Even hostile aggression might have some rational goal behind it, for instance punishing the person provoking them in order to reduce the likelihood of future provocations. This theory provides an excellent way to understand recent findings that aggression is often the result of threats to high self-esteem, especially to unjustified high self-esteem (i.e., narcissism). (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Person Factors Person factors include all the characteristics a person brings to the situation, such as personality traits, attitudes, and genetic predispositions (Anderson Bushman, 2002). Stable person factors are consistent over time, across situations, or both. The main outcome of the persons consistent use of schemas, scripts, and other knowledge structures is this consistency. In this sense, personality is the totality of a persons knowledge structures. Further contributing to trait-like consistency, knowledge structures also influence what situations a person will seek out and what situations will be avoided. Together, person factors consist of an individuals readiness to aggress. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Environmental Factors Family, community and cultural environment: Children draw inferences about the acceptability of aggression and aggressive behaviour from beliefs expressed by parents and peers. Although parents and peers are the closest influences on the socialisation of the youth, the community and culture also influence children through the childs connection to school, church, and the media. As such cultural variations of the acceptance of aggressive behaviour are relatively large. (Anderson Huesmann, 2003) Media violence: Observation of violence in mass media does not only arouse aggressive behaviour on a short term basis by priming aggressive scripts, and schemas, but it also arouses aggressive behaviour on a long term basis by altering scripts, schemas, and beliefs about aggression. (Anderson Huesmann, 2003) Maladaptive families/parenting: Parents use of poor discipline methods and inadequate monitoring of the childrens activities are among the key problems linked to the development of life-long aggression. Caretakers with indifferent attitudes towards the child, permissiveness of aggression by the child, and physical punishment and other power-assertive disciplinary techniques are some of the factors identified by Olweus (1995) that create bullies. Children who have been abused or neglected are more likely to become abusive and neglectful parents and violent criminals. (Anderson Huesmann, 2003) Extreme social environments: Factors such as poverty, living in a violent neighbourhood, deviant peers, lack of safe recreational areas, and lack of social support tend to promote the development of aggressive personalities. (Anderson Huesmann, 2003) Situational Factors Aggressive cues: Items that prime aggression-related ideas in memory are called aggressive cues. For example, Berkowitz LePage (1967) found that just the presence of guns alone increased the aggressive behaviour of enraged research participants. More recently, this study has enhanced our understanding of the weapons effect by discovering that weapon pictures and words automatically prime aggressive thoughts. There are other situational variables that increase aggression, for instance exposure to violent television, movies, or video games, also appear to do so via cognitive cueing effects. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Provocation: The single most important cause of human aggression is interpersonal provocation. Provocations include insults, slights, and other forms of verbal aggression, physical aggression, and interference with ones attempts to reach an important goal. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) Frustration: Frustration can be defined as the obstruction of attaining a goal. Most provocations can be seen as a type of frustration in which a person has been identified as the cause for the failure to achieve the goal. Even frustrations that are fully warranted have been shown to increase aggression against the cause of the frustration and against a person who was not responsible for the failure to achieve the goal. More recent work has shown that displaced aggression, wherein the target of aggression is not the person who caused the initial frustration, is a robust phenomenon (Anderson Bushman, 2002). Incentives: The advertisement industry rests on the goal of making people want more things. By increasing the value of an object, one changes the implicit or explicit observed cost/benefit ratios, thus increasing intentional, instrumental aggression. Brief appearances of an incentive, for example money left on a table, can also influence aggression in a less deliberate way. (Anderson Bushman, 2002) PHYSICAL PROFILE OF PERPETRATORS Most perpetrators of mass gun shootings at schools seem to fit a similar physical profile. According to Rocque (2012), they tend to be white, males and of middle to lower class economic standing. Bjelopera et al. (2013) seem to agree that perpetrators of mass gun shootings are white males. They state that perpetrators ranged in age from 11 to 66, with the average age of perpetrators being 33.5 years. PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCE The majority of perpetrators have experienced some major loss before the incident. Even though most did not receive any services, the majority had a history of suicide attempts in their past or a documented history of significant depression. As such, the perpetrator can be depicted as a mentally disturbed person who has not received sufficient services and is depressed and/or suicidal. Depressive symptoms combined with a history of antisocial personality traits are predictive of violence. Most perpetrators place the blame for their personal problems on other people. Otherwise, they would take their own lives, but not the lives of others. Because they consider life to be miserable, they seek to commit suicide. But before doing so, they set out to kill those individuals they regard as the source of their misery (Fox, Burgess, Levin Wong, 2006). Thus, data from all sources available, imperfect though certainly they are, converge upon certain psychological characteristics: long-term anti social traits, current depression, recent loss, and (more speculatively) perception that others are to blame for problems or are persecuting them (Ferguson, Coulson Barnett, 2011). In many cases the perpetrators had engaged in other behaviours that caused alarm in friends, parents, teachers, or mental health professionals. These include fantasizing about violence, especially towards innocent people. (Ferguson, Coulson Barnett, 2011) The impact of frustration or goal-blockage on aggressive behaviour has been well-documented in the literature. Individuals who live frustrating lives tend to be more hostile, angry and aggressive than those who are able to achieve their central goals (Fox, Burgess, Levin Wong, 2006). Further research on school shooters has shown several similarities in personality, such as poor control of anger, lack of empathy, and a combined sense of persecution, righteous indignation, and superiority (Wike Fraser, 2009). Nearly every mass shooting incident in the past twenty years, and multiple other instances of suicide and isolated shootings all share one thing in common, and its not the weapons used. The majority of evidence points to the single largest common factor in all of these incidents are the fact that all of the perpetrators were either actively taking powerful psychotropic drugs or had been at some point just before they committed their crimes. Many studies going back more than a decade, as well as documents from pharmaceutical companies that suppressed the information show that SSRI drugs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) have well known, but unreported side effects, including but not limited to suicide and other violent behaviour. The most common psychotropic drugs that perpetrators are likely to take include Prozac, Zoloft and Ritalin. (Roberts, 2013) SOCIAL INFLUENCES Rejection by peers may weakly predict violent behaviour, including school shootings. Studies show that peer rejection has a developmental associate with anxiety, depression, aggression and antisocial behaviour. Furthermore the termination of romantic relationships-a form of peer rejection-is linked to depression and loneliness. Several case studies indicate that failed peer relationships and humiliation tend to led to many shooting events. (Wike Fraser, 2009) Student perpetrators tend to have lower social status with peers, and they are more likely to have been harassed by peers. That is they have been teased, taunted, or bullied. The Safe School Initiative found that 71% of attackers had experienced bullying and harassment (Wike Fraser, 2009). Because peer harassment is a common occurrence in schools peer harassment is probably best thought of as risk factor that elevates isolation and anger. Most mass killers are socially isolated, consistent with the loner stereotype. They either live by themselves or, if living with friends or family, they do not typically share their problems and frustration. For some reason, they are withdrawn or isolated and feel they have no place to turn when they get into trouble. (Fox, Burgess, Levin Wong, 2006) It has been estimated that in 95% of mass murders, there is a precipitating event such as a divorce or job termination that occurred prior to the mass killing. (Duwe, 2005) Researchers are attempting to explain school rampage shootings in terms of the social-psychological notion of imitation. There is evidence of this copycat factor, in which young people try to imitate high profile school shootings. In a sense, this notion of imitation and the influence of the media are related to social learning, which has been applied to criminal behaviour. Social learning is also concerned with the effect of peers on behaviour. (Rocque, 2012) The social construction masculine identity is a cultural factor that researchers have pointed to as an explanation of school shootings. School mass shooters tend to demonstrate their hegemonic masculinity through violent actions. It is often the case that these perpetrators have been denied traditional male status and have perhaps had their sexuality questioned. It is interesting to note that most of the school rampage shootings have taken place in red or conservative states with a specific emphasis on masculinity and gun culture. Kimmel and Mahler (2003) argue, homophobia being constantly threatened and bullied as if you are gay as well as the homophobic desire to make sure that others know that you are a real man plays a pivotal and understudied role in these school shootings. (Rocque, 2012) EXTERNAL INFLUENCES The majority of offenders showed an intense interest in violent media, including violent movies, music, video games, or books (Kidd Meyers, 2002). Fox et al. (2006) seems to think that it is not uncommon for rumours and unscientific theories to surface in the wake of an act that seems so inexplicablespeculations about the influence of violence in movies, games or musical lyrics, the role of alcohol and prescription or recreational drugs, or psychiatric/behavioural disorders resulting from chemicals or even neurological abnormalities. GUN USAGE One of the factors that characterize the perpetrators of school shootings is fascination with guns, bombs, and other explosives. For example, the perpetrators of the violence at Columbine High School appear to have been deeply involved with violent video games and guns. The duo hoarded bombs, explosives, and guns in their homes for a year while they planned their attack. Writings found after the attack contained references to death, violence, superiority, and hate (Wike Fraser, 2009). Researchers suggest that many children have easy access to firearms. They stated that most offenders used firearms owned by a family member to commit their crime. These researchers suggested that the availability of guns may contribute to feelings of toughness and may give that assailant a high status. It is apparent that many of the offenders were, in fact, seeking status among their peers. (Kidd Meyers, 2002) According to research studies a semiautomatic firearm is the weapon of choice for someone who looking to commit a mass murder. Most mass killers have been training in gun usage and have access to guns-they might go hunting, be military veterans, engage in target shooting, or work in a field of security. (Fox, Burgess, Levin Wong, 2006) SETTING From the Bjelopera et al. (2013) report, public mass shootings happen in relatively public settings. These settings generally include schools, workplaces, restaurants, parking lots, public transit, even private parties that include at least some guests who are not family members of the shooter. Hawdon et al. 2012, states that mass shootings are particularly distressing and that not only were they acts of extreme violence, they all occurred in settings where violence of any kind is relatively rare. Furthermore, they also occurred in institutions-schools and a shopping mall-that are expected to be safe. VICTIM PROFILE One of the major characteristics of mass shootings is that the target is generally symbolic in nature. In other words, the perpetrator is not seeking to exact revenge on particular people, but they are rather looking to make a statement with violence-it may not matter who the ultimate victims are. This is in contrast to other types of inner city school violence, which often involves two or more individuals with specific grievances toward one another (Rocque, 2012). According to the report conducted by Bjelopera et al. (2013), a killers relationship to his or her victims is important. Perpetrators are usually driven by a desire for revenge and/or power; some killers may target family members or close friends. The incidents described in this report of public mass shootings, the gunmen cannot only kill such individuals. This particularly rules out cases of domestic violence-instances only involving family members either inside or outside the home- from consideration as public mass shootings (Bjelopera et al. 2013). As a result perpetrators in public mass shootings rather select their victims at random. For example, a student assailant involved in a public mass shooting plans on killing particular teachers, while simultaneously staging a wider assault on his school (Bjelopera et al. 2013). CONCLUSION Although mass shootings appear to afflict the United States more than most other countries, they are by no means a uniquely American phenomenon. In 1996 sixteen kindergarten children were shot and killed in Dunblane, Scotland, and in 2011 69 teenagers were killed on an island retreat in Norway (Mesoudi, 2013). This essay has discussed how social psychology theory of aggression can be applied to mass shootings. The essay described aggression and its cause, and then later applied the theory into the practical example of mass shootings. This essay shows how perpetrators of mass killings generally seem to share a similar physical appearance; they tend to be white males. Psychological influences include loss before the incident, depression, suicidal thoughts, frustration and the intake of psychotropic drugs, such as SSRI. The social factors that seem to influence the majority of perpetrators include social rejection, isolation, low social status, precipitating events, imitation as well as the construction of masculinity. External factors that may lead to or influence mass shooting include violent media, such as violent movies, music, video games and books. Perpetrators prior to incident tend to have a fascination with guns and bombs. Mass shootings generally take place in public settings, like schools, malls, parking lots etc. It seems as though certain perpetrators may select the victims and in others they do not. There are a number of variables that lead to mass shootings, many of which can be prevent or sufficiently dealt with. Mass shootings have devastating results on communities, as a result society as a whole needs to unite to prevent these incidents from reoccurring.

Major Themes in Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

Major Themes in Of Mice and Men  Ã‚      The theme of loneliness is manifested many times in the work, Of Mice and Men and is often the dominant theme. This theme occurs during many circumstances but is not present from start to finish. In my mind for a theme to be pervasive is must be present during every element of the story. There are many themes that are present most of the way through such as sacrifice, friendship and comradship. But in my opinion there is only one theme that is present from beginning to end, this theme is pursuit of dreams. There are many characters where lonliness is evident throughout parts or all of their life. But all of these characters who appear to be lonely only tend to play a minor role in the story. This is not to say that they are insignificant but they help to convey the feelings and emotions that surround the major characters rather than their own. Characters like Curley's wife and Crooks are unmistakably lonely, but they show how their lonliness is the opposite of the two main characters, George and Lennie. Crooks actually states that George and Lennie have got each other but he hasn't got anyone. Curley's wife portrays the same message but under different circumstances. There are really no other main characters besides George and Lennie. From reading the novel and watching the film it is clearly evident in most cases that all of the support characters appear to be lonely. Therefore lonliness is quite a strong and influential theme in the story but it only features as a bakground theme and is not always present at critical stages. Themes such as sacrifice, comradship and freindship feature under very similar circumstances as lonliness but are also evident within the main characters. Candy made a sacrifice when he decided to have his ageing debilitated dog killed. But afterwards he regreted not having killed the dog himself, possibly having killed it at all. Just as when George killed Lennie, he knew it had to be done but he just kept making up excuses to avoid the inevitable. George made that sacrifice but unlike Candy he knew that if Lennie was to be killed he had to do it himself. The issue is morals, if there is such a thing as a moraly correct way to kill somebody thats how George did it, because during that time period in America there was not the resources nor facilities to deal with characters such as Lennie so drastic measures had to be taken.

the emperors new car :: essays research papers

The President's Old Cars Once upon a time in the very country you live in, there was a president who learned a lesson the hard way. See the president loved cars, new cars, fast cars, slow cars, rusted out cars, it didn't matter, if he saw a car he wanted, he bought it. Most other leaders were helping their countries to become stronger, while ours was off buying cars. Then there came that memorable day when our president learned his lesson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While out shopping for new cars, the president came across one he didn't have. It was a 1986 Ford Escort. It was all rusty, missing hubcaps, and squeaked as he drove it down the road. But while talking to the car salesman, he never worried about what was wrong with it. The salesman (trying to get rid of this piece of junk) told the president that this car was in great shape and there would probably never be another car like this one. He also told the president that if anyone tried to tell him that this car was loud and smoked that they were just jealous and making it up. The president, happy to hear that someone might be jealous of him bought the car right away with his country's money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his way home people lined the streets to see his new purchase. Many laughed and pointed as his Escort smoked putted along the street. The president remembering what the car salesman had said thought these people were just jealous and pretending that his car was making all the smoke and noise. So he proudly drove around his 4-speed car through the streets ignoring everyone that laughed at him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now during the time the president was out buying new cars the American people more money because their jobs weren't paying enough. The president was giving less and less money every time he gave out money, so he would have money to buy a new car. The fact that his people were starting to starve didn't bother him at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of weeks later he was out to buy another car. He went back to the salesman that had sold him the Escort earlier. The president told the salesman that people actually laughed at his previous purchase. Then the salesman and president laughed because they were sure that those people were just jealous and making that stuff up about the car.

Michael Jordan :: essays papers

Michael Jordan Critical Essay On A CNN Article At: http://cnn.com/CNN/bureaus/chicago/special/9806/bulls/mj.htm CNN resource reports the Michael Jordan effect on the economy. Michael Jordan is as CNN states "golden marking tool ". Michael Jordan makes much less that he is worth. With the impact he put on the economy Michael Jordan should be able to receive any amount of payment he ask for. Michael Jordan is Mr. Indorse. Michael is an advertising icon. Today Michael Jordan indorses for some of the major companies in the field today. Michael Jordan indorses for the top name brand shoe in the word Nike. He also peddles products for McDonalds, Oakley, Hanes, long distance company WorldCom, and Gatorade. Michael Jordan also have his own clothing line. Michael Jordan also have his on fragrance. Michael owns his own restaurant in Chicago . where he often attend twice a week to evaluate the service. Michael Jordan recently Open up his on golf company which is name after him. This newest venture Attracts millions of golfers. Michael Jordan also has his own line of golf clothing. As you can see Michael Jordan is a very busy man. He is as active off the court as he is on the court. On the court Michael Jordan is the same type of man. He takes care of his busy first then after it time for fun. Michael Jordan is as the CNN states the greatest athlete ever to play the game, he is best there is, the best there was the best there every will be. Michael Jordan is basketball; basketball would completely drop a level when or if he leave. The NBA doesn't have a player that has the skills, accomplishments, or character of a Michael Jordan. Everything he brings to the game is unique. Michael Jordan is 35 years of age. Jordan ranked 1st in the NBA in points per game averaging (28.7), ranked 16th in the NBA in steals per game averaging (1.72), ranked 17th in the NBA in minutes per game averaging (38.8). These are just the 1997-1998 season statistics. With this short introduction of Michael Jordan one would ask himself why would one consider him as over paid. Why won't I give him what he deserves as a busy man and an athlete. Jordan is the greatest of the game. The NBA deprive not only themselves but also the fans of seeing the phenomenal, the dominant, the supreme, and the optimum of

In the Land of the Free Essay

In the Land of the Free Since the first wave of Chinese immigration to the United States in 1850s, the Chinese experienced discrimination and often overt racism. According to Holland, during 1870s, a large number of Chinese laborers flooded into American job market after the completion of transcontinental railroads. Since the Chinese laborers were willing to work for lower wages, they took jobs away from white workers which caused negative feeling toward Chinese. At the same time, the economic downturn and the increasing unemployment rate led to more heightened outcries against Chinese immigrants. Eventually, the United States government passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, a law that restricted the number of Chinese entering into America. (Holland 2007) Sui Sin Far, the first fiction writer of Asian descent, wrote an impressive story called â€Å"In the Land of the Free†, which portraits the harsh treatment a Chinese immigrant couple faced and the tremendous pain they suffered due to racism and discrimination upon entering the United States in the late 1800s. The story unfolded with a loving, caring and self-sacrificed Chinese young woman named Lae Choo, who was so excited about the reunion with her husband, Hom Hing, a legal Chinese merchant in the United States. Traced back to three years before, when Hom Hing learned his wife was pregnant, he decided to send Lae Choo back to their native country, China, so they would have their first baby, the little one, born there. They had been separated for three years since then, and this was the first time the little one would see his father. But misfortune fell upon this couple–upon entering the land of America, the little one was denied the entry to the U. S. The reason was that the little one was born in China and there was no paperwork to verify he was born to Lae Choo and Hom Hing. The little one was taken away by the US custom officers. The winter had passed, but the couple still couldn’t get their baby back. Lae Choo got into a depression, going to the point of starving herself. At the end, she had to pay a lawyer with her entire life saving except one ring, a gift from Hom Hing for her pregnancy, to get her baby back from the mission. But the ending was heartbreaking that the little one couldn’t recognize his mother after nine month separation. â€Å"In the Land of the Free†, with it darkly ironic title, gives readers deep insights into the Chinese immigrants’ experience in America in late 1800s. The United States is a country with reputation for liberty, and Government is supposed to help promote and protect human rights. But throughout the story, readers only see the fact that rigid Government policy infringed upon the couple and the baby’s human rights. Hong Hing couple had never expected that their basic human rights– the rights of parents to be with their children was deprived as soon as the wife and the baby arrived this country. In the story, the nine month of forcible separation between Hong Hing couple and their son shows the complete absence of compassion in the American government. During the nine month, the government didn’t make any progress except for keeping sending 16 same letters to Hong Hing couple. And without the lawyer’s interference, it might take years for Hong Hing couple to get their baby back. The government’s total indifference to the spilt of an immigrant family was inhuman and cruel. In the story the author also demonstrates the human costs of U. S. Government’s discriminatory policy. Lae Choo, a caring, loving and self-sacrificed Chinese young woman, couldn’t bear the pain of the separation from her son, almost starving herself to death. The words she said â€Å"how could I close my eyes with my arms empty† (P 151) express the pain which Chinese immigrants underwent in the United States. For many Chinese immigrants like Hong Hing couple, there might have been economic opportunity in America, but the discrimination they faced made life phenomenally challenging. Besides Chinese Exclusion Act, during the late 1800s, federal, state and local government enacted a series of other discriminatory law, such as Sidewalk Ordinance, Cubic Air Ordinance, and Queue Ordinance, etc, which specifically targeted Chinese immigrants. (cr. nps. gov, 2004) Hong Hing family just represents the thousands of victims of discriminatory laws. In addition, Lae Choo spend all of her money on legal action pleading with the â€Å"Great Government at Washington† to return her son. When the little one was finally returned, the family became impoverished. The experience taught the couple that the reality of life in America was brutal. Government policy could bring an immigrant family to a ruin. In the story, the author also describes the other form of discrimination the couple faced while living in the United States. As new immigrants, Hong Hing couple lacked the ability to speak fluent English and write appropriate letters to solve the problem they faced. Since they were new to the country, they didn’t know how to advocate for themselves through the right channel. Relying on a white lawyer was their only hope to get the little one back as soon as possible. The lawyer was supposed to be there to help them; unfortunately he was trying to take advantage of them. The sentences â€Å"The young man eyed the Chinese merchant furtively,† (P152) and â€Å"He had a proposition to make and was pondering whether or not the time was opportune,†(P 152) tells readers the lawyer was thinking about cheating and exploiting them. He could have helped the family reunion early, but he didn’t do that until the couple were willing pay him at a very high price. The lawyer didn’t care about their problem and was only thinking about his idea to get money as much as possible. Instead of making money and becoming successful in the land of opportunity, the couple lost all of their money to him. In the Land of the Free is a strong and powerful work that takes readers into the painful life of a Chinese immigrant family of the time. The story helps readers truly understand the hardships Ch

Generational conflicts Presentation

What do our companies do to commode with generational differences? 3. How important is it for organizations to have study and programs on generational conflicts? 4. Please take your experience ab fall out generational conflicts in the workplace that you have encountered in the past. How did you mass with it? Summarizing group discussions Baby boomers Seers geezerhood adviser 1 Ron Also a freelance writer, editor program, and consultant, and a former reporter and editor for the Wall Street Journal. Bosses have to bulge used to spending to a greater extent period with their young workers. The investment should pay remove in reformd morale, productivity, police squadwork, and innovation.While Josh efficacy prefer text messaging and e-mail, it is deprecative that he and Sarah meet face-to-face for more substantive conversations about workplace attitudes and expectations. Managers same Sarah also are finding that they need to show respect for element Years and encoura ge them even if they notifyt give Gene Years what they want as agile as they want it. Advisor 2 Pamela Nicholson president and COO of Enterprise Rent-A-Car, base in SST. Louis. As a wide employer of college graduates, Enterprise has taken steps to spread over these kinds of issues, in two important slipway training and feedback. Advisor 3 Jim moth miller the executive vice president of gross sales and marketing at General cocksucker & Supply, a distributor based in Portland, Oregon.To work better together, Sarah and Josh some(prenominal) need to recalibrate their expectations. Sarah needs to take particular(a) time to validate Joshs caprices and help him deduce what it means to be a team player. For so many Years enter the workforce, the attitude is Ill be a regular freelancer, and work leave alone be fun, fun, fun. Sarah needs to counteract that by being only transparent with Josh about the direct of performance required (a new idea needs to be fully researched ) and the train of communication required ( semi-formal presentations rather than manse chats). For his part, Josh needs to figure out how to pitch his good ideas through formal channels, within the established team framework.If he really needs to be a maverick, he can go make and start his own company, where he can follow his own business rules. Or, he can go to a incompatible firm that has a maverick culture. Solutions to resolve the generation gap Communicating tuition in multiple ways (oral and written, formal and informal) to address different generations learning styles cooperative decision making (co-creation) Training managers to lot generational differences Recognizing that all generations want to be treated with respect (source ASCII 2013) Wrap up represented of each generation will say what they would do to deal with conflicts and improve performance Thank you for your active and inferential participation