Friday, December 27, 2019

Nouns in Spanish and How They Are Used

Nouns are an essential part of speech in Spanish and English and can be found in most sentences. Definition of ‘Noun’ In English and Spanish, a noun is a word that refers to and names a person, place, thing, concept, entity, or action. By itself, a noun does not indicate any action or indicate how it relates to other words. Grammatically, a noun can serve as the subject of a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition. Nouns can also be described by adjectives or replaced by  pronouns. Similarities and Differences Between Nouns in Spanish and English Nouns function in much the same way in Spanish and English. They typically but not necessarily come before a verb and relate to other parts of speech in similar ways. They can be singular or plural. But there are at least three major differences: Spanish nouns have gender. Nouns listed as such in dictionaries are either masculine or feminine. The designation is often arbitrary — some words associated with males are feminine, and a word such as persona (person) is feminine whether it refers to males or females. Some words can be masculine or feminine depending on the meaning. The significance of gender is that masculine nouns are accompanied by masculine adjectives, and feminine nouns use feminine adjectives.Complete sentences in Spanish do not need nouns (or even pronouns)  if the meaning remains clear without them, in part because verb conjugation and gendered adjectives give more information about the subject in Spanish than they do in English. For example, rather than saying Mi coche es rojo for My car is red (coche is the word for car) you could say merely Es rojo if its clear what youre talking about.In English it is very common for nouns to function as adjectives; such nouns are called attributive nouns. For ex ample, in dog leash, dog is an attributive noun. But with rare exceptions, Spanish connects the descriptive noun to the main noun using a preposition, often de. Thus a dog leash is either correa de perro (literally, leash of dog) or correa para perros (leash for dogs). Types of Spanish Nouns Spanish nouns can be classified in numerous ways; six types are listed below. The categories listed here are not exclusive — most nouns in fact fit into more than one category. And since Spanish and English both come from Indo-European, these categories apply to English as well. Common nouns are the most common type of noun. A common noun refers to things, being or concepts without referring to a specific one of them. For example, humano (human) is a common noun, but Catrina is not, because it refers to a specific human. Other examples of common nouns include ordenador (computer), valle (valley), felicidad (happiness), and grupo (group).Proper nouns refer to a specific thing or being. As in English, Spanish proper nouns are typically capitalized. Examples of proper nouns include Casa Blanca (White House), Enrique (Henry), Panamà ¡ (Panama), and Torre Eiffel (Eiffel Tower). Some nouns can be either common or proper, depending on the context. For example, Luna is a proper noun when referring to the moon that circles the Earth (note the capitalization), while luna is a common noun when it refers to a planetary satellite in general.Countable nouns refer to entities that can be counted. Examples include casa (house), loma (hill), mà ³vil (cellphone), and nariz (nose).Uncountable nouns, sometimes called partitive nouns, refer to things that cant be counted, such as concepts. Examples include tristeza (sadness), indignacià ³n (anger), and opulencia (opulence). Many nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on how they are used. For example, leche (milk) is countable when it refers to types of milk but uncountable when referring to quantities.Collective nouns are used to represent a group of individual nouns. Examples of collective nouns include rebaà ±o  (flock),  multitud (multitude), and equipo (team).Abstract nouns refer to qualities or concepts rather than things or beings. Examples include inteligencia (intelligence), miedo (fright), and virtud (virtue). Key Takeaways Nouns in English in Spanish function in sentences in very similar ways and can be classified in the same ways.A key difference between the nouns of the two languages is that Spanish nouns have gender.Pronouns sometimes substitute for nouns, and in Spanish subject nouns are frequently omitted from complete sentences.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Patagonia case study - 1808 Words

Patagonia – A company true to its value KEY PROBLEM Patagonia known as the â€Å"dirtbag† business initially when it was established in 1972 by Yvon Chouinard is now a multimillion dollar enterprise. A retailer of high-end outdoor clothing is known for its green business model. Environmentalism is at the core of Patagonia and that can be seen in their mission statement where it is committed to achieve three main objectives: Build best products for its customers, cause no unnecessary harm to the environment and use business to give solutions and inspire others to minimize environmental crisis. Patagonia had a philosophy of originating its goal mainly on doing things right for the environment and away from profit. The company does not focus on†¦show more content†¦Another advantage of this option is that target customers are people with an average income of $160,000 with an median age of 38 yrs who will not have any objection paying a little higher for their favourite product. Patagonia might face an external threat from other competitors in this situation as their goods will be much cheaper than that of Patagonia. This might encourage a few customers to switch to other brands like Nike or the North face. Such a situation can threaten the growth of Patagonia. The second alternative for Patagonia is to not implement the idea of â€Å"Product Life Cycle Initiative† and â€Å"buy less† any further. This alternative is much safer for Patagonia because the above mentioned initiative is completely consumer driven. The success of this idea completely depends on whether it would have any practical impact on the consumer behavior. As Patagonia’s target consumers are rich enthusiasts, it is likely that they would not prefer wearing repaired clothes or used clothes. Therefore putting so many efforts in an initiative that is based on hypothesis and is risky doesn’t make sense. The advantage of this alternative is that Patagonia will not have to bear any additional cost burden. The s ales will not drop and there will be no threats from the competitors. As we know Patagonia has a green business model dropping the idea of buyShow MoreRelatedPatagonia Case Study2390 Words   |  10 Pages| 2012 | | PATAGONIA CASE STUDY | Table of Contents PART 1 Discuss the management control system in the Patagonia Company. Explain and discuss the nature, context, evolution, elements, processes, strengths, weaknesses/problems of the management control system at Patagonia (including a critical evaluation of the Workbook Process). Page 3 PART 2 Would you recommend to Patagonia’s management that they continueRead MoreCase Study : Patagonia, Inc.1633 Words   |  7 PagesPatagonia, Inc. is an American clothing company based in Ventura, California. It was founded by Yvon Chouinard, originally as a small company called Chouinard Equipment that made climbing tools and gear. It now focuses on manufacturing durable top of the line outdoor based apparel for those who enjoy being outdoors as well as general apparel. The change from manufacturing climbing equipment to producing outdoor apparel was due to the environmental concerns of Mr. Chouinard. The equipment that wasRead MorePatagonia Case Study Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesPatagonia Case Study Key Strategic Issues (Why Important / Summary of Internal / External Analyses) 1) Balancing Commitment to Business with Commitment to Environment A key issue facing management was balancing the company’s desire for environmentalism with its existence as a for-profit business. The idea of running a for-profit business implies operating at the lowest cost, growing as rapidly as financially feasible, and maximizing returns to financial stockholders ( I think it should be stockholderRead MoreCase Study Patagonia1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe Case of Patagonia Company Patagonia was founded in 1957 by Yvon Chouinard, an avid and renowned outdoorsman. With the superiority of Yvon’s designs, by the late 1960s Chouinard Equipment had an estimated 80% of the US market for climbing hardware.In the late 1960s Yvon shifted his attention to the sale of quality outdoor clothes. His company continued to grow slowly until 1972 when the clothing line took off.(Merchant,Stead 2012) We began to grow at a rapidRead MoreEssay on Patagonia Study Case833 Words   |  4 PagesPrinciples of management | Passion for the Outdoors and for People | CASE APPLICATION 1 | | Juan Uzcategui. | 10/22/2014 | 1. According to Maslows hierarchy, which basic needs does the Patagonia culture meet? What would it be like to work at Patagonia? According to Maslow’s hierarchy, the basic needs that the Patagonia culture meet is the Esteem because it allows the employees to be confident, self-esteem, allow them to achieve their goals by coaching its managers, and byRead MorePatagonias Sustainability Strategy : DonT Buy Our Products Case Study1160 Words   |  5 Pagessymbolism of material objects acting as the meaning of life dominates attracting consumers to acquire things and thereby grant themselves a certain status. The case study ‘Patagonia’s Sustainability Strategy: Don’t Buy Our Products’ prepared by Zahir Dossa discusses consumerism and the way Patagonia has decided to challenge this phenomenon. The case study emphasizes on negative waste impacts of consumerism on the environment providing justification why people should purchase only necessary things and protectRead MoreA Passion for the Planet786 Words   |  4 PagesONE: ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Case study: A Passion for the Planet Summary of the case study Patagonia Inc, which located at California, was seller outdoor clothing and equipment that has well reputation among others. Their company’s goal is to produce the highest quality products while doing the least possible harm to the environment. The company has successful to implement their goal as the centre direction for employees in achieving the company’s goal. Patagonia, with the 39 stores in seven countriesRead MoreA Passion for the Planet Case Study1145 Words   |  5 PagesA Passion for the Planet Case Study 1. What role, if any, does McGregor’s Theory Y play at Patagonia? Explain. First, McGregor’s Theory Y is a modern and positive set of assumptions about people. McGregor believed managers could accomplish more through others by viewing them as self-energized , committed, responsible, and creative beings(Kreitner and Kinicki,2010, pg.8). According to the passage, â€Å"Patagonia’s philosophy is the handiwork of Chouinard....He helped pioneer modern rock-climbingRead MorePatagonia: Leading a Green Revolution Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study Four Patagonia: Leading a Green Revolution 1) Patagonia has a history of putting sustainability ahead of profits. Based on what you learned about Patagonia’s ideals, how do you think the company determines what possible ventures will be both business practical and environmentally friendly? Patagonia determines how its possible ventures will be both business practical and environmentally friendly by turning their company into a eco friendly environment. It clearly states thisRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility By Porter And Kramer Essay1216 Words   |  5 Pageswithout having to sacrifice its mission. Etsy actively promotes that they are a certified B corporation, a for profit company that wishes to consider the society and environment, in addition to profit, in their decision making process. For Etsy’s case, their goal is to include social change and impact in their metrics of success. To that end, every year Etsy gets evaluated for it’s impact and releases an annual public impact report. Etsy’s business model allows them to succeed only when their sellers

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Significant Time Budget Is Required Enhance-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Significant Time Budget Is Required Enhance? Answer: Introduction Associations of various kinds are trying to enhance their adequacy as well as proficiency by utilizing IT data frameworks. Significant time and budget is required for implementing information system effectively. With respect to other organizations, IT has also made positively impact on the healthcare organizations. As we know that, hospitals are known to be complex type in order to manage their data systems. Hospital management information system (HIS) is known as a monstrous, incorporated framework, outlined to store, control, and recover data of the authoritative and clinical viewpoints that help the exhaustive data necessities of the healthcare segment, which includes persistent, clinical, auxiliary and financial administration. Hence, we can say that HIS are more dependable more assisting diagnosis and managing healthcare information. In this paper, I would like to discuss about the Profmax Healthcare ERP implementation in Mount Hospital of Australia. (Ajami, S., Bertiani, M., Z. , 2012). Hospital management information systems help us to get the expected data for each and every level of the hospital (whether it is management group or lower staff) at the correct time and place for making adequately and productively decisions. It plays indispensable part in the field of planning, starting, to organize as well as control the operations of all the systems and subsystems in a hospital. HIS enhances healthcare of patient by evaluating information and also helps to make suggestions for providing care to patients and also helps the hospital for moving from the retrospective to simultaneous quality and also suitability of patients. (Ismail, A., Jamil, A., T., 2010). If the outline of hospital management frameworks is implemented properly, the adequacy and profitability of healthcare inhabitant and patients` satisfaction is enhanced and that leads to decrease in overall cost of healthcare system. The rebelliousness of HMS framework functions with existing procedures can influence the cost and also the quality of healthcare. Hence, we can say that it helps to reduce the redundancy of patient data and helps to improve quality and decrease costs, it is important to perform constant appraisal of HMS software. In this paper, we will discuss about the EMR that needs to be implemented in hospital. (Mehraeen, E., Ahmadi, M., 2014). Organizational Problems Hospitals face various challenges before as well as during implementation of HMS as they still use the manual work and also the challenge of understanding computerized processes. It is very difficult to keep the patient data, day to day activities, medical equipment maintenance data as well as the patient billing information manually. This brought about misuse of cash, time and the staff. HMS is a data administration framework which is intended to help deal with the different parts of a doctor's facility (managerial, medicinal and financial). HMS helps to observe and also maintains the hospital's data and enhance its performance. The nonappearance of frameworks, or ineffectively outlined frameworks, and the subsequent absence of integration inside healthcare associations. Such frameworks that can harm patients or neglect to deliver what patients require. (Olamide., O., Adedayo., W., E., 2015). Hospital Challenges for the Implementation of HMS Healthcare associations have needed to adjust the many changes as per the environment requirement, from propels in symptomatic and medical methods to the development of authoritative advancements, like innovation of new data advances. Associations need to assess the potential and ramifications of new technologies and to adjust these innovations according to local environment and also helps to reduce the dangers related with implementation of HMS and its administration in the hospital as well as plan to exhibit the estimation of their endeavors. Absence of organizational awareness, responsiveness, and competency, and a hesitance to changeattributes of authoritative dormancyall hinder endeavors to execute essential change. I recommend the customer HMS software so that it can be customized according to the requirement. (National Academy of Sciences, 2000). Advantages of Implementing HMS in Hospital The HMS emphasize on better care that needs to be provided to patients. It helps to understand the confidential information, its productivity and also helps to reduce the additional cost. Any type of data can be retrieved at any time that helps the management to take better decisions which are good for the organization. HMS helps to manage all the departments function very effectively which reduces the manual and paper work effectively. Its scope includes dealing with subtle components of each department. This subtle element provides doctors, staff and patients details that includes their salaries, billing system, presence of doctor etc. (Kaur, R., 2015) System Flow Chart of HMS Processing The new patient who comes to hospital proceeds with the card and online registration system where the patient gets a unique hospital registration number. The number will remain same whenever he visits the hospital. Initially patient will undergoes pre- examination and this process is done by nurse. The patient at that point continues to see a doctor. There he undergoes diagnosis. The consequence of the specialists diagnosis decides the medical flow whether the patient is for out-patient or inpatient according to his problems. At last, different frameworks discover connection from the specialist workbench. This incorporates Finding, Drug remedy, Pharmacy, Treatment, research center test, Referral, Billing as well as Death report. (Agnes, O., N., 2011). The HMS framework empowers the nurses to ask for a particular lab test. This framework has capacity to send lab result again to the nurses or doctor. (Alameer, A., E., M., T., 2013). The front office module which is accessed by receptionist contains firmly interconnected modules. A brisk enquiry screen can search for any type of data like phone number, registration number, name, date, and so on. The financial data will be presented automatically on accounting framework in a module. The HMS system helps to generate reports - Balance Sheet, its Trail Balance and Profit/ Loss articulation. The Accounting Screens depict regarding Account Payable, Account Receivable and General Ledger. This framework helps to portray the functions like IP, OP, Financial activities and Supplier Invoice and monitor the Account Receivable as well as Revenue based exercises. HMS will helps to manage Admissions as well as managing Wards Availability of beds, Collection of propel, Admission, Emergency admissions etc. The Inpatient module in HMS manages Ward Management like Shifting of patients in different wards, Beds available in wards, Surgery, Administration of medications, nursing notes. Pharmacy module in HMS framework incorporate for taking care of administering of medicine, dealing with the information concerning the treatment of patient, control of stock, charging of cases, consistence with law on the basis of various regulations. The billing module of HMS helps to track all the patient records which are required at particular time including therapeutic records, inpatient and outpatient records. It handles a wide range of charging for various treatments. The HMS module accommodates credit party in charging and could be consistently coordinated with some Financial and Accounting Modules. The framework is tuned to pick room and bed accuses along of subordinate charges in view of the sponsorship (Insurance) condition. The framework bolster different payment modes and multicurrency and consequently makes the framework more adaptable. Because of tight combination with EMR module, the administrations to be rendered can be drawn with the click. (https://www.realtfsolutions.com, 2017). Control Problems in the System Various risks and threats in the Hospital management system exists. To overcome this, security assets have been developed in extent to the developing number and various users like staff, as well as accomplices, patients and other users who have access to assets. The risks in HMS is more complicated than an unapproved external user, it means that authorized as well as legal user can have access to particular resources to which they are authorized. (Boadu, E., O., Armah, G., K., 2014). Improper payments done by protection associations or outsider payers happen because of the error or any type of fraud. Abusing incorporates any training that is not steady with the objectives of giving patient services that are medicinally essential, meet professionally perceived models, and are easily evaluated. (Joudaki, H., Rashidian, A., 2015). Unauthorized individuals prevail with regards to separating protected data from healthcare suppliers. Intrusion of security influences non-celebrities, when anybody looks for wellbeing data the patient has not shared. The hackers look for patients' financial data for financial benefit. The patient's protection identifier is then utilized by a uninsured individual to get medicinal administrations or by a deceitful healthcare supplier to charge for therapeutic administrations that were never rendered. Information security breaks and restorative identity fraud are developing concerns. (Taitsman, J., K., Grimm, C., M., Agrawal, S., 2013). Implementing federally Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) has affected every parts of delivering medicinal services. The essential plan of HIPAA defends the protection of patient records. To distinguish a part of the authoritative techniques for accomplishing HIPAA consistence, respondents were inquired as to whether their office has a full time individual going about as security officer and in what division the person responsible for security started. (Having, K., Davis, D., C., 2005) Adoption of Accounting Software Package Each organization embrace the accounting framework strategy of saving the accounts related transactions, since it is for the most part required that organizations need to uncover certain financial as well as administration data to the government and public clients. Also, implementing Profmax ERP in Mount hospital will help in the effective decision making by the management. (Ernest, O., O., 2015). The automated accounting framework has been powerful in giving data with respect to the financial position of an element in an opportune and productive way. The accounting system empowers auspicious and speedier era of financial reports. This causes administrators to effectively recognize and take care of issues in a few second so that management can take faster decision. Automated accounting framework empowers information that is accessible in a flash and to various clients in different areas at similar time implies that reports could be printed at any given ime. (Murungi, S., Kayigamba, C ., 2015). Competitive Advantage The other competitors of Profmax ERP in the market are Xero Accounting, MYOB, Electronic Medical Record system (EMR) etc. But Profmax had some competitive advantages as compared to others. Without excellent patient care, financial accuracy can't deliver the outcomes that we are expecting. The present healthcare framework offers a chance to quicken the association's capacity to measure operational as well as financial risks. Choosing the accurate accounting information systems assets to deal with our medicinal services association and can be an overwhelming undertaking. Profmax works with customers to create as well as deliver imaginative solutions that can change an association's finance abilities. Our suite of incorporated Enterprise Financial Management Solutions built for the Mount hospital over an expansive scope of ventures can enable us to pick up perceivability into business data, fortify financial resources and administration best practices, and acknowledge efficiencies via robotizing and institutionalizing key accounting processes. These applications incorporate with different arrangements crosswise over departmental lines to enable us to actualize departmental and industry best practices for the greater part of your business forms. The Finance Management ERP additionally empowers organizations to flourish in a business situation described by escalated competition, questionable economic situations, and expanded administrative oversight. (https://www.profmax.com, 2017). The automation of medicinal billing is not exclusively a matter of expanding efficiencies. It's main part of enhancing income and the general patient experience. To utilize an organic similitude, the general record is viably the central part of nervous system of accounting management information systems. The general record solidifies information from sub-records to give the authoritative, top-level accounting record. (Bluemner, A., 1996). Conclusions The Hospital Management Information System possess its qualities and the weakness. The HMS framework doesn't require a high cost to grow yet requests skill and more number of actually trained staff to work. The advancement of the framework according to the con-current request and accessibility of different assets is essential to guarantee the framework works successfully and productively. The interest in human asset, better support network, ease of use and satisfactory training provided to the end client would likewise decide if execution of the system will go easily or not. The objective behind actualizing these frameworks is not to rival each other yet serves to encourage and enhance the quality of patient care. Not any system is better than the other however they have their own uniqueness. There is a need to synchronize these frameworks with the goal that the framework can exchange data with other external frameworks to guarantee the support and progression of care. It is recommendable that the implementation of HMS will be done with effective integration and better networking support. References Agnes, O., N. (2011). Automated hospital management system. [Online] https://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/images/OGBOBE%20NKECHI%20A.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Ajami, S., Bertiani, M., Z. (2012). Training and its Impact on Hospital Information System (HIS) Success. [Online] Journal Inform Tech Softw Eng 2012, 2:5. Available at: https://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/training-and-its-impact-on-hospital-information-system-his-success-2165-7866.1000112.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017]. Alameer, A., E., M., T. (2013). Electronic Patient Record Management System (EPRMS). [Online] Journal of Kerbala University , Vol. 11 No.3 Scientific . 2013. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltextaId=79162[Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Bluemner, A. (1996). Health Care Software: Improving Profitability and Patient Care. [Online] https://findaccountingsoftware.com/industry-focus/how-to-choose-the-accounting-software-for-your-health-care-organization/ [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Boadu, E., O., Armah, G., K. (2014). Role-Based Access Control (Rbac) Based In Hospital Management. [Online] International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821 Volume 3, Issue 9 (September 2014), PP.53-67. https://www.irjes.com/Papers/vol3-issue9/H395367.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Ernest, O., O. (2015). The relevance of auditing in a computerized accounting system. [Online] International Journal of Management and Applied Science, ISSN: 2394-7926 Volume-1, Issue-11, Dec.-2015. https://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/14-213-145172620179-83.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Financial management ERP. Profmax business solutions Pvt. Ltd. [Online] https://www.profmax.com/pbs/solution. [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Having, K., Davis, D., C. (2005). HIPAA Compliance in U.S. Hospitals: A Self-Report of Progress Toward the Security Rule. [Online] Journal Perspect Health Inf Manag. 2005; 2: 9. Published online 2005 Nov 10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2047309/ [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Ismail, A., A., Jamil, A., T. (2010). The implementation of hospital information system (HIS) in tertiary hospitals in Malaysia: A qualitative study. [Online] Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 2010, Vol. 10(2):16-24. https://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm/journals/Volume10.2/3.%20Implementartion%20hospital%20(Last)(16-24).pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Joudaki, H., Rashidian, A. (2015). Using Data Mining to Detect Health Care Fraud and Abuse: A Review of Literature. [Online] Glob Journal Health Sci. 2015 Jan; 7(1): 194202. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4796421/ [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Kaur, R. (2015). INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM FOR HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT. [Online] International Journal of Multidisciplinary Consortium, Available at - https://ijmc.rtmonline.in/vol2iss4/0430117.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Mehraeen, E., Ahmadi, M. (2014). Evaluation of hospital information systems in selected hospitals of Iran. [Online] International Journal of Advanced Information Technology (IJAIT) Vol. 4, No. 5, October 2014 . https://airccse.org/journal/IJAIT/papers/4514ijait01.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Murungi, S., Kayigamba, C. (2015). The Impact of Computerized Accounting System on Financial Reporting in the Ministry of Local Government of Rwanda. [Online] Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences (JETEMS) 6(4):261-265. https://jetems.scholarlinkresearch.com/articles/The%20Impact%20of%20Computerized%20Accounting%20new.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Olamide., O., Adedayo., W., E. (2015). Design and Implementation of Hospital Management System Using Java. [Online] IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing Application (IOSR-JMCA) e-ISSN: 2394-0050, P-ISSN: 2394-0042.Volume 2, Issue 1. (Mar. - Apr. 2015), PP 32-36. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmca/papers/Vol2-issue1/F0213236.pdf [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Organizational Challenges to the Adoption of the Internet. [Online] National Academy of Sciences (2000). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44715/ [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Real Hospital Management System. [Online] https://www.realtfsolutions.com/feature/hms/ [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017] Taitsman, J., K., Grimm, C., M., Agrawal, S. (2013). [Online] The New England Journal of medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1215258?af=Rrss=currentIssue#t=article [Accessed 17th Aug. 2017]

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Theories of consumer behaviour

Introduction Solomon (2011) defines consumer behavior as â€Å"the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use, or dispose off products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs and desires’† (p. 41).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Theories of consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Studying the behavior of consumers is very important because it helps develop marketing strategies and public policies. It also promotes social marketing which is provides the marketers with adequate knowledge about the needs of consumers. Consumer behavior enhances maximum satisfaction of the needs of consumers and the development of better products (Perner, 2011). To maximize profitability is important for marketing and this can only be achieved by developing good strategies of identifying the behavior of consumers towards the products in the market. The main objective in marketing is to retain existing customers and get new ones. All business activities are supported by the good relationship with the consumers. Learning consumer behavior in both business-to-businesses marketing as well as business-to-consumer marketing is very important in improving the performance of a business (Deaton Muellbauer, 1980). Effect of culture on consumer behavior Culture affects the consumer behavior in different ways depending on the cultural background of an individual. The subjective cultures which affect a consumer are the regional, ethnic, religious, linguistic, national, professional, organizational and group cultures. Culture is composed of beliefs, values, practices and attitudes that a person or a group of people have. Culture affects the personality traits and the social norms that people have. Behavioral intentions are developed from the social norms, cultures and sub-cultures and the cognitive beliefs that people have. These will in return influence and shape the consumer behavior. It is important to mention that culture is learned from the environment in which we live in and by sharing ideas with different people (Schiffman Kanuk , 2010). Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Schiffman Kanuk (2010). Consumer decision making model Consumers make decisions by applying a particular process to solve the problems that affect them. There are different levels of solving problems by the consumers depending on the extent of the problem. For instance, extensive problem solving requires a lot of information to solve problems. Consumers must have criteria to evaluate the problem and identify possible ways of tackling the problems affecting them (Jobber Lancaster, 2009). By the application of limited problem solving, a criterion for evaluation is selected and it is fine-tuned by collecting additional information. Routinized response behavior is experienced especially when reviewing what the consumers already know. Consumer decision making can be categorized into four views. An economic view, passive view, cognitive view and emotional view (Solomon, 2011). The external influences to the consumer decision making behavior are firm’s marketing efforts and the socio-cultural environment. The firm’s marketing efforts consist of the product, promotion, price and the channels of distribution that a particular company uses. The son the other hand, the socio-cultural environment consists of the family members, information sources, other noncommercial sources, social classes and subculture as well as culture (Solomon, 2011). The process of consumer decision making then starts when the consumer recognizes his/her needs and repurchase search is done to identify all possible alternatives. The consumer then evaluates all possible alternatives to solve the problem. The evaluation process will be determi ned by the experience that the consumer or other people have concerning the products.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Theories of consumer behaviour specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The evaluation process will be affected by the psychological field which is composed of motivation, perception, learning, personality and attitudes towards the products in the market (Solomon, 2011). The consumer makes a decision to purchase a specific product in the market after careful evaluation. The post-decision behavior will determine whether the consumer will re-purchase the same product. The first purchase is a trial to test whether the product can satisfy the needs that the consumer has. The post-purchase evaluation is done when the product has satisfied the consumer in the first place. The experience that the consumer generates from using the product determines the loyalty that will be developed by the consumer towards the product. This process is summarized in the figure below (Solomon, 2011). Source: Solomon (2011). Consumer research process This process starts when a marketer identifies a particular product to sell to a specific group of people. The initial stage starts with segmenting the market, followed by targeting the specific segments to deal with and positioning the products in the segments selected to ensure the consumers are captured (Mullen Johnson, 1990). Segmentation Market segmentation is the process of identifying different market groups with similar characteristics and delivering products to these groups depending on these characteristics. Marketers study the consumer behavior of people in a given field and they group consumers with particular needs together and develop marketing strategies for each group.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Market segmentation helps marketers to deliver products according to specific needs for all consumer groups. Marketers are able to tune their marketing strategies to capture the demand for their products from those particular individuals who may have an interest in such products (Solomon, 2011). For example, it would be unwise to develop marketing strategies for selling hairspray to bald-headed individuals as explained in the diagram below: Source: Solomon (2011). Consumers have different needs depending on their income levels, culture, political systems, religion, geographic location and other features that can be used to distinguish them. Delivering products by use of the same approach may fail because consumer groups have different needs and they require these needs satisfied in a unique manner. A company that segments its market offers the same product to different consumer groups using different strategies to ensure that the needs of all the consumers are satisfied (Sandhusen, 2000). An example of market segmentation is a case of Toyota Company. The company has segmented its market depending on the income groups and regional location of all consumer groups. The company manufactures automobile products and markets these products are marketed to customers depending on their income capacity (Perner, 2011). Targeting Market targeting is the process of identifying specific markets to sell products. It involves identifying the characteristics of the various markets and all consumer groups. Marketers then manufacture products which are focused on the specific needs of the consumer groups (Sandhusen, 2000). Marketers have the obligation to satisfy the needs of their target customers by providing the best products and services. This will compel any competitor from dominating the market. On the other hand, marketers should improve the wellbeing of the people consuming their products and the society in which they are operating. This should be achieved while achievi ng the objectives and goals of the organization (Ferrell Hartline, 2008). There are several factors that marketers should consider when targeting a specific market segment. For instance, how well a particular segment served by other companies in the market, the size of the market segment and the potential for growth in the particular market segment (McDonald Dunbar, 2004). An example of market targeting is evident in the activities of Apple Inc. The company manufactures computer hardware and software products. In the recent past the company has started to manufacture electronics to venture into market segments with different needs. The company has realized that the young generation requires unique products and this can only be achieved by delivering products which target this group of customers. Apple Inc has introduced the iPod, iMovie among other products targeting the young generation (Perner, 2011). Positioning Positioning is the process of delivering products to the right con sumer groups at the right time in the right manner. Companies position their products in the market to ensure that the consumers can get access to the products more easily. To improve the performance of a company in the market, the products should be positioned in a peculiar way to ensure that customers are not attracted by products from competitors. In a competitive market all companies aim at getting a strategic market position to ensure their products attract as many customers as possible (Sandhusen, 2000). An example of market positioning is experienced by the holiday and leisure products. Such products are located near leisure zones and they are mostly marketed during holiday seasons. Another example is the automobile industry; companies in the industry have made a lot of effort to ensure that they position their products in a unique manner (Horner Swarbrooke, 2005). Another example is found in the case of Apple Inc. The company has positioned itself in the market by developin g the concept of user-friendly products for all its products. The company promotes its products by developing the concept of consumer-friendly products for the software, hardware and electronic products that the company manufactures (Perner, 2011). Marketing strategies Marketing strategies are the various policies that companies use to deliver their products to the consumers to ensure they fulfill the demand for their products. Companies have strategies that are established to promote the marketing process and to improve the performance and competitiveness of a company in the market. Strategies provide a guideline for the marketers to use when implementing their objectives and provide a good foundation for improving the competitiveness of a company in the market (Sandhusen, 2000). An example of a marketing strategy is a policy that is created by Apple Inc to apply online marketing. This strategy was applied to increase the sales of the company by targeting more consumer groups and i mproving the procedures of marketing the products of the company. Ethical issues Ethical issues have been of great concern in the marketing processes because there are many stakeholders affected by marketing activities. Artificial needs are created when marketing activities are done and this causes a lot of questions about the ethical standards. For instance, advertising products causes materialism to prevail in the market and this affects the ethical standards of the consumers. Some of the ethical questions that marketers encounter are: whether the products’ design can meet the existing needs of the consumers, whether the advertising process helps communicate the availability of the products in the market and many other questions. In addition, there have been many ethical questions about the importance of advertising and marketing processes (Schlegelmilch, 1998). Examples of ethical issues being experienced in marketing processes today are marketing products to children. Thi s has been criticized as a method of exploitative targeting and ethical standards have been of great concern to many stakeholders. Food marketing to children has been found to cause obesity. Children are influenced to consume certain products which are not healthy to their lifestyle and this has caused the prevalence of childhood diseases such as obesity. Various stakeholders have been concerned about the introduction of legislation to regulate consumption behavior of young people in the society. Another example relates to sale of pharmaceutical products direct to consumers. This has raised a lot of concern about the ethical standards because consumers have misused drugs due to aggressive advertising by these companies (Schiffman, Kanuk, 2010). Forced exposure to advertising has been of great concern and this has caused a lot of concern about the ethical position of the advertising companies. Marketers have also influenced consumers to change their perception about products in the market as a strategy to increase consumption. False and misleading advertising has been experienced in the markets today and this has been of great concern about the ethical backgrounds of the advertising companies. There are other socially undesirable representations done by marketers and this causes a lot of concern about the ethical standards of the companies marketing their products (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010). To enhance ethical standards among the marketers, companies have introduced some measures to improve the welfare of the consumers and other stakeholders. Some of these measures are social responsibilities which have been done to improve the image of companies (Peter Olson, 2009). This has been done by advocating socially beneficial causes to promote the welfare of the communities which support companies in their business endeavors. Green marketing has also been adopted to promote the use of healthy, reusable and eco-friendly products. Companies have also promoted consumer e thics by encouraging people to recycle used products, returning used products and encouraging software privacy (Schiffman Kanuk , 2010). Motivation process model Consumer motivation is an important process because it enhances buying process. Motivation starts with unfulfilled needs, wants and desires that consumers have. This causes tension and a drive to achieve the needs is developed. This process is affected by the personality, perception, learning process and attitudes of the consumers towards the products and the organization marketing such products. A specific behavior is developed by consumers once they start realizing their needs and this behavior is directed towards fulfilling the needs. Once the consumers identify the specific products that can fulfill their needs they get satisfaction and the tension is reduced. This is a cyclic process because new needs and wants arise on the daily lives of people (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010). Source: Schiffman Kanuk (2010). The observati on made from the above diagram is that consumers follow a specific model from the time they realize that they have a particular need to the time they start consuming the products. Consumer needs may be categorized as innate or acquired. Innate needs are biogenic and they become the basic needs in human life for example, the need to eat, cloth and shelter. Acquired needs are developed from the cultural and environmental systems and these are usually secondary in nature for example, the need to own a dream car (Mowen Minor, 2001). On the other hand, goals are grouped into generic and product specific goals. Generic goals are developed by consumers to fulfill their needs whereas product specific goals are acquired from the brands of products and services in the market (Schiffman Kanuk, 2010). An example of a motivation model is a case where an individual has the need to purchase a dream car. The drive to own a car is developed from the people that person socialize with and the financ ial class. This drive emanates from the need and desire to own the car and the individual will behave in a particular manner to ensure the desire is fulfilled. Consumer values Consumer values are enhanced by the cultural background, family influences, media, peer pressure and religious beliefs. Identifying the specific values that consumers uphold is very important in developing the consumer behavior of specific people. Values that a person has will determine the kind of product s/he consumes and marketers should be very accurate especially when segmenting, targeting and positioning their products in the market (Mooij Mooij, 2010). It is important to note that consumers never fully satisfy their needs because new needs arise after the satisfaction of old needs. When goals are achieved people set new goals which are higher than the previous ones. The need to achieve goals is aroused by the emotions, physiological, cognitive and environmental factors (Mooij Mooij, 2010). Psychologic al needs Theories on consumer decision-making vary according to assumptions regarding the nature of human behavior. A comparison of the economic, passive, cognitive and emotional models of consumer decision-making shows that all consumers behave in a particular manner when making their purchase decision. Consumers develop psychological needs when they identify certain products in the market. They are motivated to purchase such products when they get people to provide adequate information about such products. Motivation also emanates from observation about usage of the products by other people in the market. When consumers are satisfied by particular products they develop the need to re-purchase the products and this causes consumer loyalty to develop (Perner, 2011). The perception of consumers towards certain products affects their ability to purchase. Perception refers to the image developed by customers for certain products and this is causes the consumers to purchase and continue using products from a certain company. Perception is developed from past experiences that consumers have concerning certain products in the market. Marketers have a duty to change the perception of the consumers by actively promoting the products to consumers to create awareness about the importance of the products and to remove the negative attitude they have developed (Perner, 2011). Attitude is developed by consumers depending on the cultural background, exposure of the customers to similar products, and the approach applied by the company. When customers develop a bad attitude about the products in the market it becomes challenging to reverse the trend. Active campaigns are required to remove the negative attitudes that consumers have towards the products in the market (Perner, 2011). The model of passive view requires that marketers should train the consumers to overcome the fears and tension about using products. This can be done by pestering a positive attitude towards the p roducts in the market and changing negative perception about products offered in the market. Behavior change is made by introducing new cultures for the consumers. Cultural change can only be done by liaising with all the stakeholders of the company and the community to ensure that the consumers are ready to develop positive attitudes towards the products in the market (Perner, 2011). A contrast of the economic, passive, cognitive and emotional models of consumer decision making provides that shows that people have different emotional characteristics and this will determine their purchase behaviors. The economic class of a person also will determine the decision making process and the theories developed may be not true. People behave differently and their decision making process will be determined by the environment and the experiences they have had in the past about the products (Perner, 2011). Home ownership is an example of psychological need that many people have and this has mo tivated many people to seek information about mortgage plans and other schemes which can enable them own a home before they retire from employment. The desire is shaped by the economic, passive, cognitive and emotional models of consumer decision making. Culture has also played a key role in the development of the need to own a home before a person retires. It is a culture that every person earning some income should be able to provide shelter for the family. This culture has shaped the decision making of people and as such people have developed a savings habit to purchase such products. Conclusion Consumer behavior is an integral part of marketing processes adopted by any company. Marketers must identify the culture, behavior and all aspects of their consumers so that they can maintain a competitive position in the market. Additionally, the proper channels of introducing products in the market should be followed to enhance quick acceptance and adoption of products. Therefore, marke ters should apply the process of segmentation, targeting and positioning to ensure the customers become loyal to their products. This process should coincide with the decision making process by the consumers to ensure potential consumers are attracted while the existing ones are retained. List of references Deaton, A. Muellbauer, J. (1980). Economics and consumer behavior. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M. D. (2008). Marketing Strategy. Cengage Learning. Horner, S. Swarbrooke, J. (2005). Leisure marketing: a global perspective. Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann. Jobber , D. Lancaster , G., (2009). Selling and Sales Management. 8th Edition. Financial Times Press McDonald, M. Dunbar, I. (2004). Market segmentation: how to do it, how to profit from it. Oxford. Butterworth-Heinemann. Mooij, M. K. Mooij, M. (2010). Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global Marketing and Advertising. London, Sage. Mowen, J. C. Minor, M. (2001). Consumer beh avior: a framework. New York: NY, Prentice Hall. Mullen, B. Johnson, C. (1990). The psychology of consumer behavior. New Jersey: NJ, Routledge. Perner, L. (2011). Consumer behavior: the psychology of marketing. Retrieved from http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/ Peter, J. P. Olson, J. C. (2009). Consumer Behavior. New York, McGraw-Hill. Sandhusen, R. L. (2000). Markets. New York, NY: Barron’s Educational Series. Schlegelmilch, B. B. (1998). Marketing ethics: an international perspective. London, Cengage Learning EMEA. Schiffman , L., Kanuk , L., (2010). Consumer Behavior: International Edition. 10th Edition, London: Pearson Higher Education Solomon, M., (2011). Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having and Being, Global Edition, 9th Edition, Pearson Higher Education. Taylor, C.R. and Lee, D., (2007). Cross-cultural Buyer Behavior. (Series: Advances in International Marketing v.18) Emerald Group Publishing. This assessment on Theories of consumer behaviour was written and submitted by user Dalton Brooks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Jazz Essays (654 words) - African-American Music, Blues, Jazz

Jazz As the United States entered the 1920s it was not as unified as one might think. Not one, but two societies existed. The Black society, whose ancestors had been oppressed throughout the ages, and the White society, the oppressors of these men and women. After emancipation the Whites no longer needed the Blacks, but were forced to live with them. The Blacks despised the Whites, but even so they became more like them in every way. Even though these two races had grown so similar over the past century and a half, they were still greatly diversified. One aspect of this great diversity was the difference in music trends. The White society was still in love with the European classical music. The Blacks on the other hand had created something all their own. Jazz, Blues, and Ragtime originated in New Orleans in the 19th century, but by the 1920s it had become famous throughout America. The Whites tried to suppress the Blacks with new laws, but the power of this strengthened race was too grea t. The Negro music of the 20th century had a huge affect on Black and White relations, and helped to bring the two societies together. When the slaves first came to the colonies they brought nothing with them, that is, except their music. They sang their songs while at work in the fields. This original music is called the old blues. The blues became the symbol of the new American race, and the home of this music was New Orleans. New Orleans had been a melting pot of culture ever since emancipation had freed the slaves, but more was being mixed than just culture. Music from the Blacks was blending with the Whites music, and creating an entirely different form of music, which had never been seen before. This early form of Jazz began to be heard in the North and was developed further with the help of technical devices. Blues music had become more than just a symbol of the slaves, now it was becoming a symbol of America. The reason for this was because jazz and blues could be played by anyone from the whitest white to the blackest black. By this time White Americans could be heard playing the true jazz and blues. The tr ue jazz was music played by the black man, because it was his music. Even white jazz players were beginning to be famous. Artists such as Paul White man and O.D.J.B. were whites who began to play jazz. Music played by these people was really the first jazz that northerners were exposed to, and because of this black northerners began to think of jazz as a white dilution of blues. Jazz music used the same instruments as ragtime did except for the piano. The piano was not brought into the picture until later. In 1921 the first Black jazz band broke onto the national scene. This band contained many of the greats such as Joe Oliver and Louis Armstrong. They offered a smoother type of jazz compared to the sloppy jazz of the early White groups. Bibliography {\rtf\ansi\deff0\deftab720{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss MS Sans Serif;}{\f1\froman\fcharset2 Symbol;}{\f2\fswiss\fprq2 System;}{\f3\froman Times New Roman;}{\f4\froman Times New Roman;}} {\colortbl; \red0\green0\blue0;} \ftnrstcont\ftnbj\ftnrstpg\aftnnar\ftnstart0\viewkind1 \deflang1033 \pard \plain\f3\fs28\b\qc Works Cited\plain\f3\fs24\par \ql\par \par \pard\li720\fi-720\sl480\slmult1\plain\f3\fs24 {\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK http://www.questia.com/PageManagerHTMLMediator.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=62348191}{\fldrslt Gioia, Ted. \ul The History of Jazz\plain\f3\fs24 . New York: Oxford University Press US, 1997.}}\plain\f3\fs24 \plain \par \pard\plain\f3\fs24 \par \pard\li720\fi-720\sl480\slmult1\plain\f3\fs24 {\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK http://www.questia.com/PageManagerHTMLMediator.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=65306057}{\fldrslt Kubik, Gerhard. \ul Africa and the Blues\plain\f3\fs24 . Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.}}\plain\f3\fs24 \plain \par \pard\plain\f3\fs24 \par \pard\li720\fi-720\sl480\slmult1\plain\f3\fs24 {\field{\*\fldinst HYPERLINK http://www.questia.com/PageManagerHTMLMediator.qst?action=openPageViewer&docId=5879810}{\fldrslt Panish, Jon. \ul The Color of Jazz : Race and Representation in Postwar American Cul ture\plain\f3\fs24 . Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1997.}}\plain\f3\fs24 \plain \par \pard\plain\f3\fs24 \par } Music Essays

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The Rise of the American Political Parties essays

The Rise of the American Political Parties essays Even after the Constitution was drafted, there remained many ambiguous interpretations by the citizens along with politicians of America. The Anti-Federalists, like Thomas Jefferson and Samuel Adams, had a very strict following of the Constitution. However, the Federalists, such as George Washington and James Madison, believed that the Constitution was a set of guidelines rather than a strict collection of laws. These different ideas, along with the election of 1796, helped to create the division of ideas which resulted in the forming of the political parties. The Federalists, who were led by Alexander Hamilton, believed mainly in a strong central government. Hamilton believed that the common populace could not be trusted and that they would become greedy. He also thought that a strong federal government should have most of the authority because the states would become too divided if they were entrusted with individual powers. The goal of the Federalists was to unite the country and to develop a self sufficient economy based on industry as well as agriculture. Another idea that Hamilton and the Federalists shared was to create a financial policy in which the country would establish a system of credit. Furthermore, a national bank would be established along with a countrywide currency to rid the obstacles that threatened the development of industry in the United States. The Anti-Federalists, in contrast, believed in state powers. They feared that the new national government would take too much power away from the states and would not protect the rights of the individual citizens. Most of the federalists were small farmers and debtors, but some were wealthier people. Some Revolutionary heroes, such as George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry, were also firm anti-federalists. Among them, the most famous was probably Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson believed in state powers, like most anti-federalists, and believed ve...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Application of the Letter from Birmingham in the War in Syria Essay

Application of the Letter from Birmingham in the War in Syria - Essay Example Martin Luther and his friend Abernathy Ralph had led demonstrations against laws that promoted the segregation of the black people in America. According to the law, Martin and Abernathy were supposed to get a permit to conduct the demonstrations. However, they failed to get the permit and that led to his arrest (King 34). The church clergy had responded to his arrest on the same day that he was detained in Birmingham prison arguing that both the white and black people should obey the civil laws in the country. Luther wrote the letter with the aim of justifying his disobedience of the law by arguing that it was the unjustness of the law that made him to demonstrate. Luther argues there are just and unjust laws, but the existence of unjust laws anywhere leads to injustice everywhere in the letter (King 36). King’s separation of just and unjust laws may be used in the analysis of the way in Syria and recommend on the actions that should be taken to end the war in the country. Mar tin argues that a regulation is just when it concurs with the laws of God, which he calls the ethical rules. Unjust laws, on the other hand, are those that are not based on the moral laws of God. Thus, according to King, laws are fair when they are acceptable in the whole society because God’s rules are equal to all citizens despite their race and color (Tiefendbrun 68). This argument aimed at informing the state that the segregation of the black people who lived in the southern parts of Alabama was an unfair act that was against the will of God. The segregation of the black people commonly known as the Negros had been in the country since the eighteenth century when slavery of Africans and Asians was practiced in the western nations (King 25). King also argued that injustice in any part of the country led to unfairness in the whole nation. This meant that the injustice that existed in the southern part of the nation led to the unfairness in all regions of America (Tiefenbrun 70). Luther also meant that the segregation of the black people was a sign of immorality of the whole nation including the whites. This indicated that the white people would be considered as immoral even when they acted fairly in other things in the south and in other regions in the country. This means that even if nations and people conduct themselves in all things except one, they will still be unfair and they will lack development. King demonstrates this by giving the example of how Africa was moving towards independence at a high speed while America was wasting time segregating the black people. The activist argued that Americans were lagging behind by taking the longest time to serve Africans only a cup of coffee (King 79). This meant that the injustice of the laws would cause injustice in the country by slowing down freedom and development like that which Africa and Asia were experiencing at that time. Martin postulates that â€Å"the oppressors who are mainly the leaders do not award the minority groups their freedom voluntarily† (King 80) Therefore, he argues that there is need for civil disobedience by the oppressed groups to force the leaders to grant them their moral rights. This argument justified King’s act of disobeying laws by conducting demonstrations instead of negotiating with the leaders. He further justifies himself by pronouncing that he was tired of being asked to wait for negotiations. Luther argued that the word wait had become a synonym of never because he and his fellow Negros had heard it for numerous years before deciding to disobey the law (King 82). Thus, according to Martin, leaders should award their people with justice on time to avoid the disobedience of the law. However, when the leaders fail to create fair regulations, they should be reminded through

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting Assignment

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting - Assignment Example But in accrual method, transaction is recorded as and when they happen rather than paid or received. So in accrual method the sale or receipt of goods and services are recorded as and when it happens .At times it is not easy to finalize when the sale or buying occurred ,then the contractor confirm the date when he received the goods and services and the transaction is recorded in the books. The cash and accrual method gives the same outcome as one can instantly see the results. The results of these accounting methods will only show variations, if the transaction is on a credit basis. In case the transaction of sales and purchases are done on cash and recorded immediately in the account then, which ever method one use the ledger will reflect the same results. The businesses with sales less than $ 5 million a year can choose whatever accounting method they want for their business. However in both the methods, the result will be only a partial picture of the financial stand of you busin ess concern. Chapter 2) Theoretical View a) Cash accounting method In cash accounting the primary importance is on the inflow and outflow of cash on everyday transaction of the business .As and when money moves in or out, recording is made in the ledger so that analysis can be made to the financial status of the business in a particular accounting period. According to Tatum (2003)â€Å"Part of the charm of a cash journal is that financial transactions entered as line items can be reviewed quickly when necessary, as well a providing a quick reference document when entering the transactions into other sections of the accounting books†. The author here emphasize that cash accounting is very reliable when it comes to the informative part of the business activities occurring on a daily basis. Cash is the blood life of a business concern, and cash accounting method allows the recording of the every movement of cash in the firm. The cash accounting method allows a small entrepreneur to understand the profitability of his firm without many complications. But this accounting method is useful mainly for small enterprises .The bigger firms use accrual accounting method where trillions of dollars are transacted at a time and sales and purchase of good and services are time consuming. The cash accounting system is quick and easy and help the owner of business on understanding cash reserves when dealing are mainly on cash basis. For example when one use a credit card to make a purchase, one does not have a reduction in the personal account until one pay for the credit card, this is considered cash accounting b)Accrual accounting If one consider accrual accounting , the revenues and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of money is moved in or out. As per Duchac (2006,pg.98) â€Å" Accrual accounting concepts are designed to reflect a company’s financial performance during a period and avoid misleading results that could arise from the timin g of cash receipts and

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Landscape Architecture in Palo Alto City Essay Example for Free

Landscape Architecture in Palo Alto City Essay Palo Alto City, a city known because of many famous landmarks and buildings, is located in Santa Clara County, in California of United States. The named of the city was derived from a name of a tall oak tree at the banks of the San Franciscquito Creek bordering Menlo Park called El Palo Alto. The geographic characteristic of the city is at the northern end of the Silicon Valley. The city is also situated near the Stanford University and is known as home of many huge companies in the high-technology industry like Hewlett-Packard. (Bowling, 2007) History of Palo Alto The history of Palo Alto city was traced back in 1979 Gaspar de Portola made an Ohlone settlement in the said city. To commemorate what happened in this place, a plaque was made in order to remember the histiroy for Palo Alto City. The plaque was located at Middlefield Road and Webster Street, (Bowling, 2007) Landscape Architecture Landscape architecture is the art of planning, designing, developing, managing and rehabilitating a land for a specified purpose. Landscape architecture is a profession that is combination of different inter disciplinary field like mathematics, geography, engineering, art, horticulture, social science, politics, history and philosophy. The duties of a landscape architecture can range from different roles like designing of a museum, parks, site planning for commercial buildings, as well as residential lands, and development and maintenance of nature lands like forest. Arastradero Preserve There are many famous buildings and landmarks located in the city. Some of the notable landmarks located in Palo Alto are the Arastradero Preserve. Arastradero Preserve, which is officially known as Enid W. Pearson- Arastradero Open Space Preserve, is a nature preserve which serves as parking lot of the city. The landscape architects designed the Arastradero Preserve so that people can have a biking, hiking and horseback riding session. The preserve is a combination of savanna grassland and broadleaf evergreen forest that is suitable for a nature preserve location. This made also the preserve to be a habitat for many wildlife species like bobcats, deer and diverse birds. (City, 2001) Arizona Cactus Garden Another popular landmark in Palo Alto is the Arizona Cactus Garden located in the Stanford University. Arizona Cactus Garden is a botanical garden specializing in the production of different cacti and succulents. The Arizona Cactus Garden is open for public visit. The Arizona Cactus Garden was designed by Rudolph Ulrich, a landscape architect, for Jane and Leland Stanford. The garden was open in public on 1883. The design of the garden was planned to be near at the residence of the Stanford family as well at the Stanford estate. The garden was designed in such a way it is divided in to two parts, the Eastern and Western Hemisphere. The Eastern Hemisphere part contains aloes, jade plants and other succulents from Europe, Asia and Africa while the Eastern Hemisphere contains cacti that are native in America. The garden was designed and made as public landmarks were people can view different varieties of cactus and succulents. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford University One of the most famous landmarks located in Palo Alto is the Leland Stanford Junior University or simply Stanford University. It is a private university that is situated at the center of Silicon Valley. It was in 1891 the university was established under the supervision of the governor of California, Leland Stanford together with his wife Jane Stanford. The name was derived from their only son, Leland Stanford Jr. who died at his teenage years. The university was firstly known as The Farm because it is situated at eh Leland Stanford’s horse farm and offers courses for both male and female students. (Bowling, 2007) Stanford makes sure that the university will be of good quality that is why he consulted first some key person that may give a big help in the construction of the campus. Some of these person were Francis Amasa Walker, president of another university which is specialize in the filed of engineering, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and second is Frederick Law Olmsted which is a famous landscape architect. The main role of Olmsted is on the general plans and concept for the proposed university. These are the constructions of the buildings and the removal of hillside sites that will favor for more practical flatlands. Another landscape architect that helps in the design of the campus is Charles Allerton Coolidge. Coolidge used the concept Richardsonian Romanesque style that was derived from his teacher, Henry Hobson Richardson. The said style is has the properties of rectangular stone buildings that are joined by arcades of semi-circle arches. There was also another design that was incorporated at Stanford University, the Mission Revival. The Mission Revival is a Spanish-colonial style and is characterized as red tile roofs and solid sandstone masonry that hold a discrete Californian appearance. The red tile roof has a good combination to bright blue skies making it famous to the people of the city. (Bowling, 2007) The major open space is formed by an on-structure, two-level plaza. It is layered with linear arrays of granite and quartzite aligned to echo the San Andreas Fault line below, and subtly forms gathering areas of various sizes for outdoor classrooms. The lower and more private courtyard provides light to the surrounding laboratories and offices, and exposes a dry riverbed that continues the north/south fault line, while expressing the character of a lower stratum and accommodating gathering places for students, faculty and researchers. (Bowling, 2007) The Stanford University is a huge campus were almost basic building that is required in a university is made. There are different buildings for different department of the campus. There are also dormitories and student housing were the students can reside. Stanford University Arboretum Stanford University Arboretum, which is located at Stanford University, was also designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. First, the land where the arboretum is located was planted by live oak trees. Olmsted designed the arboretum so that the public is free to visit the park. The orientation of the trees to be planted was a factor that was considered by Olmsted as well as the spacing of the trees. Olmsted sees to it that the arboretum will serve as a public park. Jane Stanford finds the arboretum essential to the people of Palo Alto and once said to the people of the city; (Bowling, 2007) In this enlarged Arboretum it is desired that there shall be exhibited to advantage all the trees and wood plants of the world that may be expected to grow to mature natural forms under the climatic and other conditions of the locality. Byxbee Park Byxbee Park, which was designed by Peter Richards and Michael Oppenheimer, shows of the site’s unique form and characteristics. Is shows the inspiration of landfill, slough, marsh, wind, and sky. The park does not allow buildings to be made inside the park making it a very natural in purpose. The intertwined elements of the park make the park a very sensitive environmental landmark. Cantor Center for Visual Arts The Cantor Center for Visual Arts, which is located in Stanford University, is another landmark in Palo Alto. The Cantor Center for Visual Arts is a museum that contains about 24 galleries, terraces, and sculpture gardens. The museum was established when the university was established in 1891 as a memorial park for their late son. Hewlett Packard Courtyard The Hewlett Packard Courtyard was designed to show the aesthetic value of nature. Hewlett Packard Courtyard is a huge company specializing in the production of computer hardware and the likes like printers. Hedges, designer of the courtyard, design the rooms of the employers of the company in such a way that they can view the outside environment. The terminal wires of the computer being utilized allow the programmers to work outside the rooms. Three-dimensional landforms ripple out from the round cafeteria addition, creating a romantic play against the beaux-arts structure of the courtyard, and dividing the space to create more intimate areas. (Bowling, 2007) Conclusion The role of a landscape architect is very important when buildings and landmarks are being constructed. Because the aesthetic value of the proposed building is their product. It must be taken in to account the proper way of designing, planning as well as developing the building. It is in the hands of a landscape architect the success of the building because this will reflect the popularity of the building.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Love And Marriage In Restoration Comedy

Love And Marriage In Restoration Comedy A comedy is usually a light, rather amusing, play that deals with contemporary life and manners. Such a drama often has a satirical slant, but ends happily. Among the many sub-genres under comedy, one can find the comedy of manners, which originated in France with Molieres Les Precieuses ridicules (1658). Moliere saw this comic form as a way to correct social absurdities. In England, the comedy of manners is represented by the plays of William Wycherley, George Etherege, William Congreve, and George Farquhar. This form was later classed Old Comedy but is now known as Restoration Comedy because it coincided with the return of the Charles II to England. The main goal of these comedies of manners in the period of Restoration is to mock society, or in other ways lift up society for scrutiny, which could cause negative or positive results. In the end, audience will laugh at themselves and society. The definition of comedy and the background of the Restoration Comedy help to explain the themes that run throughout these comedies of manners. One of the major themes is marriage and the game of love. However, if marriage is a mirror of society, the couples in the plays show something very dark and sinister about order. Many critiques of marriage that we see in the play are devastating, but the game of love is not much more hopeful. Although the endings are happy and the man invariably gets the woman, one can see marriages without love and love affairs that are rebellious breaks with tradition. This study will focus on two plays of Restoration comedies, William Wycherleys The Country Wife (1675) and William Congreves The Way of the World (1700), to show how dramatically society has progressed. A dramatic change, in moral attitudes about marriage and love has taken place. In Wycherleys Country Wife, the marriage between Pinchwife and Margery represents a hostile marriage between an old (or older man) and a young woman. The couple, Pinchwife, is the focal point of the play, at least as couples go, and Margery affair with Horner only adds to the humor of the play. Horner runs around cuckolding all of the husbands, while he pretends to be a eunuch. This pretension brings the women swarming to him. He is a master at the game of love, though he is emotionally impotent. He cannot love, which makes him an interesting character for analysis. The relationships in the play are dominated by jealousy or cuckoldry, with the exception of the gay couple, Alithea and Harcourt, but they are really pretty boring. The element of jealousy in marriage seems to be especially prevalent in the play. In Act IV, scene ii, Mr. Pinchwife says, in an aside: Mr. PINCHWIFE. So, tis plain she loves him, yet she has not love enough to make her conceal it from me; but the sight of him will increase her aversion for me and love for him, and that love instruct her how to deceive me and satisfy him, all idiot as she is. He insults her, not to her face of course, but hes serious. He wants her to be stupid, not able to deceive him. But even in her obvious innocence, he doesnt believe she is innocent. To him, every woman came out of natures hands plain, open, silly, and fit for slaves, as she and Heaven intended em. As he says, No woman can be forced. But he also says, in another aside: Mr. PINCHWIFE. Why should women have more invention in love than men? It can only be because they have more desires, more soliciting passions, more lust and more of the devil. Mr. Pinchwife isnt especially bright, but in his jealousy, he becomes a dangerous character. He becomes passionate in his mad ravings, thinking Margery had conspired to cuckold him. Little did he know that he was correct, but if he had known the truth, he would have killed her in his madness. As it is, when she disobeys him, he says: Mr. PINCHWIFE. Once more write as Id have you, and question it not, or I will spoil thy writing with this. I will stab out those eyes that cause my mischief. He doesnt ever hit her or stab her in the play (such actions wouldnt make a very good comedy), but Mr. Pinchwife continually locks Margery in the closet, calls her names, and in all other ways, acts like a complete jerk (to put it nicely). Because of his abusive nature, Margerys affair is not a surprise. In fact, it is accepted as a social norm, along with Horners promiscuity. At the end, the whole scene with Margery learning to lie is also taking in stride because the idea has already been set up when Mr. Pinchwife voiced his fears that if she loved Horner more, she would conceal it from him. And with that, social order is restored. In Congreves The Way of the World, the trend of restoration continues, but marriage becomes more about contractual agreements and greed, then about love. Millamant and Mirabell iron out a pre-nuptial agreement before they agree to marry. Then Millamant, for an instant, seems willing to marry her cousin, Sir Wilful, so that she can keep her money. It is a battle of the wits; it is not a battlefield of emotions. In that way, The Way of the World can be likened to Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing, where Beatrice and Benedict play at love in their battle of wits. Its comical to see the two wits going at it, but, when we look deeper, there is an edge of seriousness behind their words. After they list conditions, Mirabell says: MIRABELL. These provisos admitted, in other things I may prove a tractable and complying husband. Love may be the basis of their relationship, as Mirabell appears honest; however, their alliance is a sterile romance, devoid of the touchy, feely stuff, which one should hope for in a courtship. Mirabell and Millamant are two wits perfect for each other in the battle of the sexes; nevertheless, the pervading sterility and greed reverberates as the relationship between the two wits becomes much more confusing. But then, that is the way of the world. Confusion and deception are the way of the world, but compared to The Country Wife and other earlier drama, Congreves play shows a different kind of chaos, one marked with contracts and greed instead of the hilarity and mix-up of Horner and other rakes. The evolution of society, as mirrored by the plays themselves is apparent. Sources 1. Drabble, Margaret , The Oxford Companion to English Literature 2. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The Major Authors, Sixth Edition 3. Abjadian, Amrollah, Dr., A Survey of English Literature (II) 4. Patterson, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Plays 5. Abrams, M.H., A Glossary of Literary Term, Eighth Edition 6. William Wycherley, The Country Wife, 1675 7. William Congreve, The Way of the World, 1700

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Conclusion Cults

The cults are characterized by their methods and also their beliefs. A cult refers to a social group that is cohesive and it is devoted to practices and beliefs of the surrounding culture considered to be out of the mainstream with notably negative or positive admired perceptions. In most of the times cults have a positive and a negative perception with the positive perception relating it to the groups of arts, fiction, writing, music and fashion. On the other hand the negative for cultic movements relates it to pyramidal business groups, questionable therapeutic groups and also extreme political groups.The status of a cultic populist group begins as a rumor of the belief system in a novel including its devotions that are great, its practices that are idiosyncratic and also its positive or negative effects on the members and its perception. In most cases cults are defined in such a way that they are viewed and identified as problematic groups and if we were to do away with the proble matic concern the attributes and the characteristics of cultic groups would not be in existence, (Richardson N. 2004). Types of cults The Utopian CultThis group of people share a belief that the Lord, Jesus Christ returned back to earth way back in the year 70. The return of Christ made it possible for the community to bring the millennium kingdom of Christ themselves. Consequently, the cult believers were able to free themselves of sin and have hence forth been perfected in the world. They do not wait for perfection in heaven since they already attained it down here on earth. This community was characterized by the spirit of communalism. They owned all processions and property communally. They were present in Vermont, New Jersey, Newark, Wallingford and Putney among other places.The community initially had 87 members but the number grew up to 306 by the year 1878. All the branches of this cult were closed down in the year 1854. The only surviving community by the name the Wallingfo rd community was unfortunately devastated and washed away by a tornado way back in 1854. The Apocalypse Cult This cult typology has people who believe that the world is coming to an end. The cult is also commonly known by the term, dooms day cult. They site the examples of the weapons of mass destruction as one of the elements that will bring the world to an end.They claim that the planet earth is being faced by wrath and great threats to the existence of human kind and that it will be wiped off from the face of the earth as well as the world history, (Wilson, Stephen, 1993). The cult holds affirm belief that the Lord Jesus Christ will only come back to earth after there has occurred a holocaust of nuclear in the Middle East. They then argue that the most powerful leaders today have been brainwashed by this belief and that’s the reason why they are propagating for the nuclear weapons and those of mass destruction.They cult leaders who are apocalyptic have contributed to the l oss of lives by thousands of people. The followers believe that they are the chosen ones by Christ and have been saved from the evils of this world and will eternally live at the right most hand of Jesus Christ. They prophesy on the rapture and try to speed up the second coming of Christ. Religious Cults A religious cult has other external religious observances and practices apart from the sacred scriptures and the faith of the believers. Religious cults normally have veneration devotion that goes beyond the living. They are characterized worship of the dead.The observances of religious cults include ceremonies and rituals that may be done in a variety of forms including sacrifice, prayers or hymns. These cult types also have idols and sacred places that are used for pilgrimages, (Weissen, K. 1992). The most notorious cults are the doomsday or apocalyptic cults since they are known to mislead and brainwash their follower’s minds and sometimes even to death. Cults and Canada C anada should have legislation against the formation and following of cults. Cults do lure many innocent citizens who feel that the world has not been fair to them.These people are normally desperate and the cults easily take advantage of this and promise them of a fruitful and good life beyond this earth. Through these cults, hundreds of people have lost their lives where the followers are at times advised by their leaders to take away their lives so as to meet Christ and move away from this desperate and evil world. Cults should hence be done away with and absolutely banned through legislation. The difference between a religion and a cult lies in extremity while the religions don’t and also the cults exhibit them with a greater vigor than all the other religions do.It is important to clearly define the term cult and how it differs or it’s similar to religion. A cult is not just defined as a religion and on the other hand the major world’s religions are not cult s, (Richardson N. 2004). Some people say that the only difference that exists between a cult and a religion is a hundred years. Cults do not have any positive gains since they eventually lead to the destruction of their followers or they misguide and mislead their followers to an extent that they become confused. The followers of a cult do not normally see those who are not part of this form of worship as leading the true way of life.They can even cause harm to those who criticize them, (James, Simon 1993). The strength of the cults is that they are able to lure worshipers into believing on the doctrines of the cult and eventually brainwash them. They are based on materialism and hence innocent people would give in to their ideas. Their main weakness is that they do not end well. More often than not, the cult followers end up losing their lives to the beliefs and ill advice of their leaders. The followers lead a miserable life with the untrue promises given to them by their leaders, (Herm and Jerhard, 2001). Conclusion Cults have existed for very many years to date.Some people normally are not able to tell the difference between cults and the true religious faith. This is more so because there are even religious cults. The cult community normally shares a set of beliefs which could have their end focused on Christ or not. A very prominent editor for the Washington weekly turned down an article proposal on the issue of science and church by saying that the only difference that existed between a religion and a cult was a hundred years. Similarly a larger number of people agree to such sentiments as they equate religions to cults and insist on the blurriness of any line that separates them in any way.It seems perverse for the religious people who are honest to their faiths to be grouped together with those who run cults. References Herm, Jerhard, (2001): The Celts: The People Who Came Out of the Darkness. NY: St. Martin's Press James, Simon (1993): The World of t he Cults. London: Thames and Hudson, 1993. Richardson N. (2004): The Homeric Hymn to Demeter, Oxford Weissen, K. (1992): Goddess Worship and the Status of Women in Ancient Celtic Society. Hampshire College: Wilson, Stephen, (1993): Saints and their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore and History. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Hero and Beowulf

Epic heroes possess many traits that other characters lack. Among these are physical strength, bravery, and wisdom. These attributes aid the heroes with their journeys throughout the epic. Beowulf exemplifies each of these traits somewhere is the story. They aid him in his battles with monsters and allow him to be a leader to his people. These traits cause Beowulf to stand out among his peers and endear him to the reader. Beowulf is definitely a perfect example of an epic hero. Beowulf's physical strength, bravery, and wisdom characterize him as an epic hero.Beowulf's physical strength is revealed to the reader through his amazing feats and his unbelievable battles with mystical creatures. In lines 91 and 92 it states that Beowulf was the strongest man in the world. These words come from the Geats who are barbaric people to begin with. The fact that they speak so highly of Beowulf's strength is a testament to its truthfulness. After Beowulf arrives in Denmark he quickly travels to He rot to prepare for his battle with Grendel. In the lines following 307 it is stated that Grendel was instantly seized by Beowulf upon trying to clutch him.This is a feat that no man was able to accomplish before Beowulf's arrival. Beowulf's strength is also shown in his battle with Grendel's mother. In lines 465 and 466 it states that Beowulf was able to throw the she-witch to the ground. This only reemphasizes Beowulf's great physical strength. Finally, Beowulf's strength is shown in his battle with the dragon. Beowulf's battle with the dragon occurs when he is an old man. The fact that Beowulf is still able to defeat the dragon shows the reader the extent of his great strength.Beowulf's great physical strength is one of the characteristics that make him an epic hero. The second characteristic that Beowulf embodies is bravery. In the beginning of the story it is made obvious to the reader that Beowulf has led a glorious youth. He preformed feats that no other man would dare try. As soon as word of Grendel reaches the shores of Geatland, Beowulf makes it his personal mission to defeat the monster. During the battle with Grendel on lines 295 and 296, Beowulf lies patiently on the floor and waits for Grendel to seize him.He also chooses not to use weapons to fight the monster. When pursuing Grendel's mother on lines 307 and 308, Beowulf jumps into the lake without a second thought. As he sinks to the bottom the thoughts crossing his mind are of the battle to come and the glory he will gain. During the battle with the dragon Beowulf continues fighting alongside Wiglaf even after all others abandon them. One of the main sources of Beowulf's bravery is his belief that â€Å"God† is in control. Beowulf believes that he has no control over his own death.With this knowledge Beowulf can storm into battle with no hesitations. Beowulf's bravery is the second characteristic that makes him an epic hero. The final characteristic that sets Beowulf apart as an epic her o is his wisdom. From the beginning of the story Beowulf is painted as a wise individual. On the long journey from Geatland to Denmark Beowulf serves as the boat captain. He is the figurehead of his fellow Geats and is shown as the leader. During his battle with Grendel, Beowulf displays superior fighting ability and combat strategy.By pretending to be asleep, Beowulf surprises Grendel and gains the upper hand in the fight. When Beowulf is dragged into the she-witches lair he quickly realizes that his weapons have no effect. Beowulf sees the giant's sword hanging on the wall and draws it. Using the sword he severs the head of Grendel's mother and wins the battle. When Beowulf was faced with an unusual condition, he used his wisdom to guide him through the battle. Eventually Beowulf became the ruler of Geatland. His years of fighting had given him the wisdom to effectively lead his people.There he would rule until his return to Denmark and his final battle with the dragon. Beowulf's strength is the third quality that defines him as an epic hero. Beowulf is one of the most popular examples of an epic hero. His physical strength, bravery, and wisdom set him apart from all other warriors. Beowulf was able to defeat enemies that no other man would challenge. Even though Beowulf was eventually slain in battle, he died never knowing defeat. This is an accomplishment that few heroes make. Beowulf represents one of the most notable epic heroes in history.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Nikki Stone Essays

Nikki Stone Essays Nikki Stone Paper Nikki Stone Paper When Turtles Fly The Secret of Success Nikkei Stones is definitely one of the most memorable speaker I have ever had a chance to meet. She is incredible in term of her experience, presentation skills, and inspiration. I feel really honor to meet her in person, listen to her lessons, and learn one of the most interesting theory that could help anyone who tries successful in life: the Turtle Effect. The Turtle Effect, according to Nikkei Stone, is that you have to be soft inside, hard outside, and dare to stick your neck out in needed situations. Soft Inside implies we have to have big dream, big inspiration, and determination to do something. Hard shell means despite that soft side we have, we need to be able to hard enough to react to whatever hardships and obstacles that life will bring to us. And dare to stick your neck out implies that we need to step up, win over our fears ND try to overcome the impossible. She also gave us many good advices about passion, focus, commitment, overcoming adversities, confidence, risk, and teamwork. To me, those are almost everything that four years of college have educated me. It Is lessons for life and will help anyone In any aspects In life. She made me think about who I am and where I am In a way that Ignites my drive to chase my big dreams and fulfill my goals.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Not all hybrids have electric motors and batteries

Not all hybrids have electric motors and batteries When it comes to transportation, hybridization is not new. Hybrid cars and trucks that combine an electric motor with a gasoline engine date back to the turn of the 20th century. Hybrid diesel-electric locomotives have been in operation for years, and in the 1970s, small numbers of diesel-electric buses began to appear. On a smaller scale, a moped is a hybrid - it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of the rider. So, any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power is considered a hybrid vehicle (HV). Today, when hybrid and vehicle are used together - think Toyota Prius, Ford Fusion Hybrid or Honda Civic Hybrid - that vehicle, according to the U.S. Department of Energy, is a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Each of these vehicles combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor that receives electricity from a battery pack. Today’s gasoline- and diesel electric hybrid systems are very complex, high-tech wonders in design and operation. Components include controllers, generators, converters, inverters, regenerative braking and, of course, a battery pack - either nickel-metal hydride or lithium ion. HEVs offer benefits that their conventional gasoline or diesel counterparts do not have - increased fuel economy and fewer harmful emissions coming out the tailpipe. But to achieve the same results not all hybrid vehicles require electric motors and batteries. Here’s a look at three alternative hybrid systems. One is now employed in big trucks and could find its way into cars, one is likely to appear in a 2016 BMW and the third could be on the road in three years. Hydraulic - Not Just For The Big Dogs Last August I featured an article about a hydraulic hybrid system that has made its way into big diesel refuse trucks, the ones that come around once a week and pick up our trash. On a good day, a garbage hauler will eke out 4 to 5 mpg. Then there are all those icky, nasty pollutants pouring out of the exhaust stacks. But thanks to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), yes, those same government folks who monitor environmental laws and fuel mileage testing, a hydraulic hybrid system they pioneered increases fuel economy in the big rigs by as much as 33 percent and reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) by 40 percent. The principal of the hydraulic system is similar to a HEV. It recovers a portion of the energy normally lost as heat by the vehicle’s brakes. But instead of a battery pack, a hydraulic system uses pistons to capture the wasted energy by compressing nitrogen gas stored in a tank, called an accumulator. When the driver lets off the accelerator pedal, the wheels drive a hydraulic pump that pumps hydraulic fluid to compress the nitrogen gas and slows the truck down. When the driver accelerates, the nitrogen is allowed to expand and pushes a piston in a cylinder filled with hydraulic fluid. This action assists the diesel engine in turning the rear wheels. The hydraulic system performs remarkably well on the big dog trucks, but what about light duty trucks or passenger cars? The Center For Compact and Efficient Fluid Power (CCEFP), a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota is working on that. The center’s â€Å"Generation 2† vehicle - a Ford F-150 pickup - utilizes a custom-built continuously variable power split hydraulic transmission. It is complemented with hydraulic accumulators to enable hybrid operation. To be competitive, the system must demonstrate advantages over BEVs. Design specifications for the vehicle include: vibration and harshness comparable to a passenger vehicle; a 0 to 60 mph time of 8 seconds; climb a grade of 8 percent; emissions that meet California standards; and the big one, fuel economy of 70 mpg under the federal drive cycles. Steaming Along Twin brothers Francis and Freelan Stanley, inventors of the Stanley Steamer, would likely approve of BMW’s innovative use of the same principal that worked to power their steam engine cars more than 100 years ago to improve the efficiency in modern vehicles. Called Turbosteamer, this system uses wasted heat energy from an engine’s wasted exhaust gases to contribute power to the automobile. This steam assist system starts with a heat exchanger located between the engine and the catalyst that turns water into steam. The pressurized steam is then carried to what is essentially a small steam engine. A second, smaller steam engine produces a little more mechanical energy. I began following this technology in 2005 when BMW said the two steam engines combined generated 14 horsepower and 15 pounds-feet of torque on a 1.8-liter four-cylinder engine. Additionally, fuel economy improved by 15 percent in overall driving. The automaker also said it intended to make the Turbosteamer ready for volume production in a number of its vehicles within a decade. Well, it’s 10 years later, will it see production? Since then, researchers and engineers focused on reducing the size of the components and making the system simpler to improve dynamics. They came up with an innovative expansion turbine based on the principle of the impulse turbine. The system is now smaller, costs less and the developers say fuel consumption is reduced by up to 10 percent during highway driving. While the Turbosteamer can’t compare its greenness to the BMW i3 all-electric car, a 10 percent improvement in fuel economy for an â€Å"Ultimate Driving Machine† is nothing to sneeze at. It’s possible a Turbosteamer equipped BMW vehicle will be introduced next year. Not Just A Bunch Of Hot Air The idea that compressed air could power a viable zero emissions car has been pursued for years by many respected engineers. In 2000, there was much ado about a new compressed air, zero pollution vehicle from French inventor and Formula One engine builder, Guy Nà ¨gre. His company, Motor Development International (MDI), rolled out an urban-sized car, taxi, pickup and van that were powered by an air engine. Instead of those tiny, tiny explosions of gasoline and oxygen pushing the pistons up and down, like in a normal internal combustion engine, the all-aluminum four-cylinder air engine used compressed air for the job. A hybrid version, using a small gasoline engine to power an onboard compressor for a constant supply of compressed air, was claimed to be able to travel from Los Angeles to New York on just one tank of gas. In 2007 MDI signed an agreement with Tata Motors, India’s largest automobile manufacturer to produce air cars in 2008, followed by the hybrid version in 2009. No cars were produced. That’s perhaps one of the reasons compressed air-powered cars have been the butt of jokes among the green car community. Today, the number of jokes has diminished. That’s the result of Peugeot’s introduction of the 208 HYbrid Air 2L Prototype at the 2014 Paris Auto in October. (Full Review). It employs a compressed air tank that turns a hydraulic motor for additional power or zero emissions city driving rather than a battery for the same functions. Like a BEV, during normal driving the car is powered by the gasoline engine. Compressed air is called upon for additional power when passing or traversing a hill. In this situation, power from both the engine and hydraulic motor are directed to the front wheels via an epicyclic transmission, similar to the planetary gear set transmission used by the Toyota Prius. In city driving, where less power is needed and emissions-free driving is the priority, rather than power provided by a battery, the compressed air alone motivates the car. The compressed air tank is recharged when braking or by using part of the energy developed by the three-cylinder gasoline engine to compress the air. During the Pairs Show, Peugeot said if another large auto manufacturer would buy into the technology to enable production in enough numbers to assure manufacturing affordability, the HYbrid Air could be on the market in three or so years. Two reports from Europe are suggesting, without naming the car company, that Peugeot has found an interested partner. Last Word It’s not certain that any of these three alternative hybrid systems will be available in production vehicles, and if they are, what kind of an impact they will have in the marketplace. What is clear is, electricity in the drivetrain isn’t the only way to hybridize a vehicle.